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关键词： Software systems   Nonhomogeneous media   Complex networks   Maintenance engineering   Measurement   Computer science   Important software elements   weighted PageRank algorithm   complex network   software comprehension   static analysis  

摘要： Software comprehension is an important part of software maintenance. To understand a piece of large and complex software, the first problem to be solved is where to start the understanding process. Choosing to start the comprehension process from the important software elements has proven to be a practical way. Research on complex networks opens new opportunities for identifying important elements, and many approaches have been proposed. However, the software networks that existing approaches use neglect the multilayer nature of software systems. That is, nodes in the network can have different types of relationships at the same time, and each type of relationship forms a specific layer. Worse still, they mainly focus on identifying important classes, and little work has been done on quantifying package importance. In this paper, we propose an ElementRank approach to provide a ranked list of classes (or packages) for maintainers to start the comprehension process. The top-ranked classes (or packages) can be seen as the starting points for the software comprehension process at the class (or package) level. First, we introduce two kinds of multilayer software networks to describe the topological structure of software at the class level and package level, respectively. Second, we propose a weighted PageRank algorithm to calculate the weighted PageRank value of classes (or packages) in each layer of the corresponding multilayer software network. Then, we use AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) to weigh each layer in the corresponding multilayer software network, and further aggregate the weighted PageRank value to obtain the global weighted PageRank value for each class (or package). Finally, all the classes (or packages) are ranked according to their global weighted PageRank values in a descending order, and the top-ranked classes (or packages) can serve as the starting points for the software comprehension process at the class (or package) level. ElementRank is validated

关键词： 非洲及非裔流散研究   文学、艺术、历史、文化   全球化   国际学术研讨会  

摘要： 2021年7月25-28日,"非洲及非裔流散研究全球化:文学、艺术、历史、文化视角"国际学术研讨会以线上方式隆重举行。本次会议的议题涉及非洲及非洲流散研究视角下的文学、思想史、教学、历史、社区、女性和音乐等方面。中外学者进行了充分的学术交流与对话,体现了国内外学者在运用全球化学术视角和跨学科方法开展非洲及非洲流散研究的学术趋势,也体现出中国学者基于中国立场开展学术交流的中国话语实践。

摘要： It is a widely held belief among computer science researchers that studying computer science enhances critical thinking, problem solving, and creativity; and it should be a part of the K-12 classrooms. Our home state has joined other states in mandating the latter. Issues of curriculum development, teacher preparation, pre-service and in-service training, funding and logistics, are all important. Over several years, we have developed a novel approach to using computer programming to explicitly teach mathematical generalization and abstraction. In this study, we applied this instructional model to pre-service elementary teachers (PSETs). PSETs participated in four days of explicit instruction where students wrote mini programs designed to push them towards generalization of statistics concepts found in the elementary classroom. Along with instruction, PSETs were given information regarding the important contributions of computer science and abstraction in their future elementary classrooms. Results showed that PSETs did show improvement in conceptual understanding and also showed that some of the teachers were initially unconvinced that the curriculum was relevant to them or to their future classrooms. The instruction improved PSET attitude and showed that training to meet new computer science (CS) standards in K-6 can and should address this reluctance.

关键词： 过度捕捞   增殖放流   黄鳍鲷   渔业部门   淡水池塘养殖   咸淡水养殖   沿海地区   自然资源  

摘要： 黄鳍鲷又名黄墙、黄脚立、黄翅鱼等,属鲈形目、鲷科,其营养丰富、肉质鲜美,颇受人民群众的喜爱,在海水及咸淡水养殖业中占有一定的地位。近年来,由于过度捕捞,自然资源逐年衰减,沿海地区的渔业部门除了实行禁渔期制度外,每年的6-7月均要对海区进行增殖放流。

关键词： 课程思政   计算机通识课   教学改革  

摘要： 课程思政是当前高校教学改革中的关键点,以大学生计算机通识课程为例,将“课程思政”元素多层次、多维度、全方位地融入教学全过程,以达到价值引领、能力培养与知识传授相统一的课程目标。

关键词： 名词后缀   cooking   罗斯  

摘要： 重点知识园地重点单词*** n.厨师v.烹饪;煮The onions made the cook’s eyes water.洋葱刺激得厨师两眼流泪。He cooked lunch for me.他给我做了午餐。拓展cooking n.烹饪;烹调cooker n.厨灶,炉具*** n.小提琴手Rose’s father is a violinist.罗斯的父亲是一位小提琴手。-ist是名词后缀,表示专家或从事某活动的人。

关键词： Decision making   Time division multiplexing   Indexes   Optimization   Computer science   Uncertainty   Visualization   Consensus   group decision making   harmony degree (HD)   personalized feedback mechanism  

摘要： This article proposes a framework of personalized feedback mechanism to help multiple inconsistent experts to reach consensus in group decision making by allowing to select different feedback parameters according to individual consensus degree. The general harmony degree (GHD) is defined to determine the before/after feedback difference between the original and revised opinions. It is proved that the GHD index is monotonically decreasing with respect to the feedback parameter, which means that higher parameter values will result in higher changes of opinions. An optimization model is built with the GHD as the objective function and the consensus thresholds as constraints, with the solution being personalized feedback advices to the inconsistent experts that keep a balance between consensus (group aim) and independence (individual aim). This approach is, therefore, more reasonable than the unpersonalized feedback mechanisms in which the inconsistent experts are forced to adopt feedback generated with only consensus target without considering the extent of the changes acceptable by individual experts. Furthermore, the following interesting theoretical results are also proved: 1) the personalized feedback mechanism guarantees that the increase of consensus level after feedback advices are implemented;2) the GHD by the personalized feedback mechanism is higher than that of the unpersonalized one;and 3) the personalized feedback mechanism generalizes the unpersonalized one as it is proved the latter is a particular type of the former. Finally, a numerical example is provided to model the feedback process and to corroborates these results when comparing both feedback mechanism approaches.

关键词： Computer Science   general   Computer Hardware   Computer Systems Organization and Communication Networks   Software Engineering/Programming and Operating Systems   Data Structures and Information Theory  

摘要： Zusammenfassung Die seit Jahrhunderten verwendeten Methoden in der Forensik basieren auf der Annahme eines Austausches von Materie und Mustern. Durch die Digitalisierung sind diese Annahmen nur noch eingeschränkt gültig und werden hier erweitert und diskutiert. In dem Zusammenhang ist es erforderlich, den Spurenbegriff grundlegend zu überdenken. Gleichzeitig werfen der ständige technische Fortschritt und die immer größer werdende Flut von auszuwertenden Daten die Ermittlungsbehörden immer wieder zurück. Dieser Entwicklung ist nur durch Automatisierung Herr zu werden. Verfahren der Künstlichen Intelligenz können und werden die Ermittlungsbehörden zukünftig dabei zunehmend unterstützen.

关键词： Anomaly detection   Diseases   Vegetation   Approximation algorithms   Time complexity   Computer science   Clustering methods   data mining   tree data structures  

摘要： Rare classes are usually hidden in an imbalanced dataset with the majority of the data examples from major classes. Rare-class mining (RCM) aims at extracting all the data examples belonging to rare classes. Most of the existing approaches for RCM require a certain amount of labeled data examples as input. However, they are ineffective in practice since requesting label information from domain experts is time consuming and human-labor extensive. Thus, we investigate the unsupervised RCM problem, which to the best of our knowledge is the first such attempt. To this end, we propose an efficient algorithm called Fast-RCM for unsupervised RCM, which has an approximately linear time complexity with respect to data size and data dimensionality. Given an unlabeled dataset, Fast-RCM mines out the rare class by first building a rare tree for the input dataset and then extracting data examples of the rare classes based on this rare tree. Compared with the existing approaches which have quadric or even cubic time complexity, Fast-RCM is much faster and can be extended to large-scale datasets. The experimental evaluation on both synthetic and real-world datasets demonstrate that our algorithm can effectively and efficiently extract the rare classes from an unlabeled dataset under the unsupervised settings, and is approximately five times faster than that of the state-of-the-art methods.

关键词： death penalty   disciplined retention   Marshall hypothesis   newsmaking criminology  

摘要： The author compared American criminologists' stated reasons for death penalty support or opposition with those of the general public as reported by Gallup pollsters. While experts were overwhelmingly more likely to oppose capital punishment, the rationale for opposition or support were largely comparable for both groups, albeit with some potentially informative differences. As is the case with the general public, the most common reasons for experts' opposition are moral beliefs, concerns about system errors, and the unfair application of the death penalty. Similarly, among the small minority of experts who expressed (often qualified) support for the death penalty, the favored rationale is simple retributive justice-exactly as is the case with the general public. The results show that, not only is opposition to the death penalty among experts not absolute, but the underlying rationale of expert dissenters is arguably a partial bridge to greater public-expert symbiosis on this highly contentious and divisive issue. The radical "newsmaking criminology" contribution of these findings and their ramifications is that the entirety of expert perspective is arguably as consistent with disciplined retention of the death penalty as it is with strict abolition. Future research could reveal even more expert sympathy for retributive thinking, and thus greater affinity with public views, than might be assumed.