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关键词： Computer science   Education   History  

摘要： Nature’s pages feature a textbook that takes a new approach for covering science, and an obituary of Charles Babbage.

关键词： Testing   Software development management   Software engineering   Tools   Programming   Games   Data structures   Computer science (CS)   gamification   leaderboards   learning management systems (LMSs)   motivation   study behaviors   unit testing   version control  

摘要： Contribution: Research has shown that computer science (CS) students who start programming assignments (PAs) early generally receive higher grades. This article presents and evaluates a gamification approach that utilizes software engineering tools to motivate CS students to start and finish PAs earlier. Background: CS can be difficult to learn because students often struggle with errors and how to properly test their code. For these reasons, it is essential that students start their PAs early. Furthermore, software engineering tools, such as version control and unit testing, are increasingly important for students to learn early in their career. Intended Outcomes: This gamification approach aims to motivate CS students to start and complete PAs earlier, as well as instill software engineering best practices. Application Design: To motivate students to start and finish assignments early, an open-source gamification system called the Leaderboard was developed. Using gamified points, the Leaderboard rewards students who pass PA unit tests well before the assignment is due. The system is fully automated using Github Classroom, a build server, and the Moodle learning management system. Findings: Results indicate students who used the Leaderboard did not start assignments significantly earlier;however, they finished assignments earlier, committed code more frequently, and passed more unit tests. The students found the Leaderboard to be motivating and passing unit tests was exciting for them.

关键词： Computer science   Scientific data   Climate sciences   Information technology  

摘要： Hundreds of petabytes are produced annually at weather and climate forecast centers worldwide. Compression is essential to reduce storage and to facilitate data sharing. Current techniques do not distinguish the real from the false information in data, leaving the level of meaningful precision unassessed. Here we define the bitwise real information content from information theory for the Copernicus Atmospheric Monitoring Service (CAMS). Most variables contain fewer than 7 bits of real information per value and are highly compressible due to spatio-temporal correlation. Rounding bits without real information to zero facilitates lossless compression algorithms and encodes the uncertainty within the data itself. All CAMS data are 17x compressed relative to 64-bit floats, while preserving 99% of real information. Combined with four-dimensional compression, factors beyond 60x are achieved. A data compression Turing test is proposed to optimize compressibility while minimizing information loss for the end use of weather and climate forecast data.

关键词： Computer Science   general   Software Engineering/Programming and Operating Systems   Operating Systems   Software Engineering   Artificial Intelligence  

摘要： This paper is dedicated to finding taint-based errors in the source code of programs, i.e., errors caused by unsafe use of data from external sources, which could potentially be modified by a malefactor. The interprocedural static analyzer Svace is used as a basis. The analyzer searches for both program defects and suspicious points where the logic of the program may be corrupted. The goal is to find as many errors as possible at an acceptable speed and low false positive rate (<20-35%). For this purpose, Svace builds, with the help of a modified compiler, a low-level typed intermediate representation, which is input to the main SvEng analyzer. The analyzer constructs a call graph and then carries out summary-based analysis. In this analysis, functions are traversed according to the call graph, starting from the leaves. Once a function is analyzed, its summary is created, which is then used to analyze call instructions. The analysis has both high speed and good scalability. Intraprocedural analysis is based on symbolic execution with state merging at join points. An SMT solver can be used to filter out infeasible paths for some checkers. In this case, the SMT solver is called only if an error is suspected. The analyzer has been extended to find defects of tainted data use. The checkers are implemented as plugins based on the source-sink scheme. The sources are calls of library functions that receive data from the outside of the program, as well as arguments of the main function. The sinks are accesses to arrays, uses of variables as steps or loop boundaries, and calls of functions that require checked arguments. Checkers that cover most of possible vulnerabilities for tainted integers and strings are implemented. To assess the coverage, the Juliet project is used. The false negative rate ranges from 46.31% to 81.17% with a small number of false positives.

关键词： Deep learning   Communications technology   Correlation   Urban areas   Computer science   Predictive models   Intelligent transportation systems   Traffic passenger flows prediction   bus transit systems   multitask learning   deep learning  

摘要： Bus services play a crucial role in urban transit. It is significant to achieve the fine-grained service-level passenger flow prediction (SPFP), namely to predict the total number of passengers for each service of each bus line passing through each station during the next short-term interval. However, it faces great challenges due to complex factors including inter-station and inter-line spatial dependencies, intra-station and inter-service temporal dependencies, and internal/external influences. To address these challenges, we propose a multitask deep-learning (MDL) approach, called MDL-SPFP, to jointly predict the arriving bus service flow, line-level on-board passenger flow and line-level boarding/alighting passenger flow by leveraging well-designed deep neural networks called ARM. The MDL framework can mutually reinforce the prediction of each type of flow, and finally integrate the outputs to achieve the fine-grained service-level prediction. The ARM network combines three modules, Attention mechanism, Residual block and Multi-scale convolution, to well capture various complex non-linear spatio-temporal dependencies and influence factors. Extensive experiments based on a large-scale realistic bus operation dataset are conducted to confirm that our MDL-SPFP approach outperforms 10 state-of-the-art baselines, and improves 22.39% accuracy than the best baseline.

关键词： capital punishment   commutation   Barnett Scale   racial discrimination  

摘要： This study examines the administration of capital punishment in Kentucky. Comparing execution and death to life commutation cases from 1901-2019, we consider the purpose of the commutation process and its utilization considering offender-victim relationships and the severity of the homicide as determined by the Barnett Scale. While a higher score on the Barnett Scale predicted execution, there remained a pattern of racial discrimination between the two decisions.

关键词： Computer engineering   engineering curriculum   reliability and safety engineering (RSE)   safety-critical systems (SCS)   teaching philosophies  

摘要： Contribution: This article details a systematic study to investigate knowledge that graduate students have about reliability and safety engineering (RSE), comparing it with industry expectations. Background: Reliability and safety have always been the main focus while developing safety-critical systems (SCS). An interview study was conducted with engineering students in India and Brazil and with experienced practitioners to investigate a perceived mismatch between education and employment on knowledge related to RSE in SCS. Research Question: How does student knowledge of RSE for SCS compare with industry expectations? What measures could be taken by institutes and universities providing computer engineering courses to better meet the expectations of industries regarding SCS? Methodology: Interviews and discussions were conducted with 21 practitioners from ten different organizations to identify what expectations they hold for the students they recruit to develop SCS, as these SCS have high reliability and safety requirements. Interviews were conducted with graduate students of various engineering disciplines to assess their knowledge of RSE for SCS. Analyses were conducted to compare industry expectations with students' knowledge. Findings: Analyses indicated most graduate students do not have the range of knowledge regarding RSE that recruiters see as essential for the development of SCS. Hence, it is paramount to rethink computing curricula-to include RSE-related topics.

关键词： Games   Education   Authoring systems   Computer science   Tools   Databases   Standards   Active learning   computer science   computer-based instruction   educational technology   games  

摘要： Contribution: This article provides evidence on the effectiveness of game-based learning (GBL) for computer science education when using educational video games created by teachers using authoring tools. Background: Although teacher-oriented authoring tools for creating educational video games can help overcome the main barriers hampering the use and uptake of GBL, there is a lack of studies examining the effectiveness of educational video games authored by teachers using these authoring tools by means of rigorous scientific methods. Research Questions: Is GBL using teacher-authored games more effective than traditional teaching in terms of motivation for computer science students? Is GBL using teacher-authored games more effective than traditional teaching in terms of knowledge acquisition for computer science students? Methodology: Two randomized control trials with pretest, post-test, and one questionnaire were conducted to compare the effectiveness of traditional teaching and GBL in two computer science courses. The sample of the two experiments was composed by 75 and 49 students, respectively. Half of the students attended a traditional lecture, while the other half learned solely by playing teacher-authored educational video games. Findings: The results show that GBL using teacher-authored games was practically as effective as traditional teaching in terms of knowledge acquisition, but that it was emphatically successful in increasing student motivation. Students who learned by playing educational video games found the experience more motivating and fun than their counterparts, and a vast majority of them preferred the GBL approach over traditional teaching.

关键词： Dashboard   R   Flexdashboard   Shiny   QOL   Adherence   RMarkdown  

摘要： Purpose Tracking patient-reported outcomes (PROs) and quality-of-life response rates is essential for clinical trials. Historically, rates are monitored through scheduled reports, which can require gathering, merging, and cleaning data from multiple databases. At the end of this process, if gaps are found, new data are entered and the cycle repeats, leaving a trail of reports that are not up-to-date or immediately accessible to the investigator. The financial and person-hour cost of utilizing clinical research staff for this purpose is impractical. Online dashboards are continuously updated to monitor data, providing on-demand access to promote successful research. Methods Dashboard implementation utilizes R, an open-source statistical programming language, RMarkdown, a markup language, Flexdashboard, which creates structural elements, and Shiny, allowing investigators the ability to interact with data within the dashboard. By leveraging these four elements, powerful, cost-effective interactive dashboards can be built. Results Numerous dashboards have been utilized to identify potentially missing data and increase protocol adherence. Immediate patient consultation can occur to retrieve protocol-related forms, reducing research staff and patient burden while improving trial effectiveness. Dashboards can monitor PROs, enrollment, demographics, toxicity, and biomarker data, clinical outcomes, and implemented predictive models, creating a single hub for on-demand clinical trial monitoring. Conclusion By employing a set of freely available tools, the burden of utilizing study staff to continuously monitor trials is greatly reduced. These tools allow users to rapidly build and deploy dynamic dashboards capable of meeting the research needs of any investigator while limiting missing data through simplified monitoring of protocol adherence.

关键词： Copper   Cadmium   Daphnia pulex   Bioaccumulation