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关键词： Computer science   Developing world   Economics   Policy   Science   Humanities and Social Sciences   multidisciplinary  

摘要： The COVID-19 pandemic has devastated many low- and middle-income countries, causing widespread food insecurity and a sharp decline in living standards(1). In response to this crisis, governments and humanitarian organizations worldwide have distributed social assistance to more than 1.5 billion people(2). Targeting is a central challenge in administering these programmes: it remains a difficult task to rapidly identify those with the greatest need given available data(3,4). Here we show that data from mobile phone networks can improve the targeting of humanitarian assistance. Our approach uses traditional survey data to train machine-learning algorithms to recognize patterns of poverty in mobile phone data;the trained algorithms can then prioritize aid to the poorest mobile subscribers. We evaluate this approach by studying a flagship emergency cash transfer program in Togo, which used these algorithms to disburse millions of US dollars worth of COVID-19 relief aid. Our analysis compares outcomes-including exclusion errors, total social welfare and measures of fairness-under different targeting regimes. Relative to the geographic targeting options considered by the Government of Togo, the machine-learning approach reduces errors of exclusion by 4-21%. Relative to methods requiring a comprehensive social registry (a hypothetical exercise;no such registry exists in Togo), the machine-learning approach increases exclusion errors by 9-35%. These results highlight the potential for new data sources to complement traditional methods for targeting humanitarian assistance, particularly in crisis settings in which traditional data are missing or out of date.

关键词： Students  

摘要： In the last decade, Single-Board Computers (SBCs) have been employed more frequently in engineering and computer science both to technical and educational levels. Several factors such as the versatility, the low-cost, and the possibility to enhance the learning process through technology have contributed to the educators and students usually employ these devices. However, the implications, possibilities, and constraints of these devices in engineering and Computer Science (CS) education have not been explored in detail. In this systematic literature review, we explore how the SBCs are employed in engineering and computer science and what educational results are derived from their usage in the period 2010-2020 at tertiary education. For that, 154 studies were selected out of n=605 collected from the academic databases Ei Compendex, ERIC, and Inspec. The analysis was carried-out in two phases, identifying, e.g., areas of application, learning outcomes, and students and researchers’ perceptions. The results mainly indicate the following aspects: (1) The areas of laboratories and e-learning, computing education, robotics, Internet of Things (IoT), and persons with disabilities gather the studies in the review. (2) Researchers highlight the importance of the SBCs to transform the curricula in engineering and CS for the students to learn complex topics through experimentation in hands-on activities. (3) The typical cognitive learning outcomes reported by the authors are the improvement of the students’ grades and the technical skills regarding the topics in the courses. Concerning the affective learning outcomes, the increase of interest, motivation, and engagement are commonly reported by the authors. © 2022, CC BY-NC-ND.

关键词： Computer science   Information technology   Machine learning  

摘要： Scientists are finding ways to explain the inner workings of complex machine-learning models.

摘要： The closing of UK schools to most children during the Covid 19 outbreak on an unprecedented scale, not even witnessed during the World War conflicts, caused ripples of panic across the UK. The risk to the future life chances of children and young people caused the nation to respond, from celebrities teaching children online to footballers influencing government policy. The risks associated with inaccessible school proved an unbearable thought to many. Yet the last decade has witnessed thousands of children and young people being unable to access school. These children and young people have special educational needs and disabilities (SEND), despite harrowing media stories about children being socially isolated with their future unknown, the country did not respond. Policy interventions by successive UK governments, since the late 1970’s have continued to be embedded with the intention of inclusion and reaching potential – yet many of the children at the centre remain invisible and forgotten. This research considers how policies, politicians, and educational professionals speak of children as a collective, yet fail to see the generation lost before lockdown.

关键词： Digital libraries  

摘要： Domain-specific named entity recognition (NER) on Computer Science (CS) scholarly articles is an information extraction task that is arguably more challenging for the various annotation aims that can hamper the task and has been less studied than NER in the general domain. Given that significant progress has been made on NER, we anticipate that scholarly domain-specific NER will receive increasing attention in the years to come. Currently, progress on CS NER - the focus of this work - is hampered in part by its recency and the lack of a standardized annotation aim for scientific entities/terms. This work proposes a standardized task by defining a set of seven contribution-centric scholarly entities for CS NER viz., research problem, solution, resource, language, tool, method, and dataset. The main contributions are: (1) combining existing CS NER resources that maintain their annotation focus on the set or subset of contribution-centric scholarly entities we consider;(2) noting the need for big data to train neural NER models, this work additionally supplies thousands of contribution-centric entity annotations from article titles and abstracts, thus releasing a cumulative large novel resource for CS NER;and, (3) training a sequence labeling CS NER model inspired by state-of-the-art neural architectures from the general domain NER task. Throughout the work, several practical considerations are discussed aiming to guide information technology designers of digital libraries. © 2022, CC BY-SA.

关键词： computer science   graph-based knowledge representation   knowledge representation   probabilistic graphical model   probability  

摘要： Graphics, uncertainty, and semantics are three approaches to building models. The combination of the three approaches is a way to develop a stronger modeling method. This article surveys the research efforts toward combining these aspects, which can be divided into two routes: One is to combine graphics and uncertainty as probabilistic graphical models and then incorporate semantics, and the other is to combine graphics and semantics and then incorporate probability to handle uncertainty. The models and methods involved in these efforts are introduced and their expressiveness, pros, and cons are discussed.

关键词： beauty   girlhood   consumerism   multiculturalism   Race and Ethnicity   citizenship   Blackness   objectification   popular culture   representation   cultural producer  

ISBN: (数字)9780252053269 ISBN: (纸本)9780252044274

摘要： Negotiating the line between “sell out” and “for us, by us,” Buy Black explores how Black women cultural producers’ further Black women’s historical position as the moral compass and arbiter of Black racial progress in the United States. Black women cultural producers’ aesthetic choices communicate that even though capitalist discourses dictate that anything is sellable in our society, there are some symbols of beauty, femininity, and sexuality that sell better than others because of how they occupy the set of already recognizable and, at times, relatable representations of blackness. While they compete in the consumer market for the attention and loyalty of Black consumer dollars, their capitulation to white corporate interests and audiences requires propagating historical tensions regarding Black consumer citizenship and multicultural inclusion. Each chapter contextualizes the role that Black women in the United States play in the global project of Black consumption, questioning which dolls, which princesses, which rags-to-riches narratives, and which characteristics represent the repertoire of Black girlhood. Through themes of self-making and objectification in dolls, princesses, and hip-hop, Buy Black maps the imagined space of “America” and the cultural attitudes that produced a twenty-first-century Black American sensibility based in representation and consumerism. Buy Black teaches all of us the parameters of Black symbolic power by mapping the confluence of intraracial ideals of blackness, womanhood, beauty, play, and sexuality in popular culture.

关键词： Artificial intelligence   Computer science   Signal processing  

摘要： Deep learning models have become increasingly used for image-based classification. In critical applications such as medical imaging, it is important to convey the reasoning behind the models' decisions in human-understandable forms. In this work, we propose Pyramid Localization Network (PYLON), a deep learning model that delivers precise location explanation by increasing the resolution of heatmaps produced by class activation map (CAM). PYLON substantially improves the quality of CAM's heatmaps in both general image and medical image domains and excels at pinpointing the locations of small objects. Most importantly, PYLON does not require expert annotation of the object location but instead can be trained using only image-level label. This capability is especially important for domain where expert annotation is often unavailable or costly to obtain. We also demonstrate an effective transfer learning approach for applying PYLON on small datasets and summarize technical guidelines that would facilitate wider adoption of the technique.

关键词： Computer science   Electrical and electronic engineering   Science   Humanities and Social Sciences   multidisciplinary  

摘要： Plants cover a large fraction of the Earth's land mass despite most species having limited to no mobility. To transport their propagules, many plants have evolved mechanisms to disperse their seeds using the wind(1-4). A dandelion seed, for example, has a bristly filament structure that decreases its terminal velocity and helps orient the seed as it wafts to the ground(5). Inspired by this, we demonstrate wind dispersal of battery-free wireless sensing devices. Our millimetre-scale devices weigh 30 milligrams and are designed on a flexible substrate using programmable, off-the-shelf parts to enable scalability and flexibility for various sensing and computing applications. The system is powered using lightweight solar cells and an energy harvesting circuit that is robust to low and variable light conditions, and has a backscatter communication link that enables data transmission. To achieve the wide-area dispersal and upright landing that is necessary for solar power harvesting, we developed dandelion-inspired, thin-film porous structures that achieve a terminal velocity of 0.87 +/- 0.02 metres per second and aerodynamic stability with a probability of upright landing of over 95%. Our results in outdoor environments demonstrate that these devices can travel 50-100 metres in gentle to moderate breeze. Finally, in natural systems, variance in individual seed morphology causes some seeds to fall closer and others to travel farther. We adopt a similar approach and show how we can modulate the porosity and diameter of the structures to achieve dispersal variation across devices.

关键词： Arts   Computer science   Materials science  

摘要： A fabric microphone that can pick up human speech, and how AI helped the government of Togo distribute financial aid.