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关键词： Feature extraction   Data mining   Correlation   Graphics processing units   Decoding   Costs   Computer science   Crowd counting   efficient and lightweight convolution module   scale regression module   regional normalized cross-correlation loss  

摘要： Crowd counting is a task of intelligent applications, and its operation efficiency is very important. However, in order to obtain a better counting performance, most of the existing works often design larger and more complex network structures, which will result in them occupying considerable memory, time and other resources at runtime, seriously limiting their deployment scope and making it difficult to be widely used in practical scenarios. In this paper, in order to overcome the above problems, we propose an effective lightweight encoding-decoding crowd counting network, named Lw-Count. Specifically, in the encoding process, we design an efficient and lightweight convolution module (ELCM), which extracts the crowd features in the network through a refined ghost block to reduce the network parameters and computing cost, and solves the problem of inaccurate counting caused by uneven crowd distribution through spatial group normalization (SGN). In the decoding process, we design a scale regression module (SRM) to reduce the error details and chessboard effect caused by linear interpolation and deconvolution. In addition, we design a new loss function, which enhances the spatial correlation of the density map and the sensitivity of the crowd through a regional normalized cross-correlation loss and counting loss, to ensure the counting accuracy. Extensive experiments on five mainstream datasets demonstrate that Lw-Count achieves an optimal trade-off between counting performance and running speed compared with other methods.

关键词： Artificial Intelligence   Cognitive Science   Computer Science   Computer Vision   Intelligent agents   Computational Cognitive Modeling   Neural Networks  

摘要： The study of human cognition and the study of artificial intelligence (AI) have a symbiotic relationship, with advancements in one field often informing or creating new work in the other. Human cognition has many capabilities modern AI systems cannot compete with. One such capability is the detection, identification, and resolution of knowledge gaps (KGs). Using these capabilities as inspiration, we examine how to incorporate detection, identification, and resolution of KGs in artificial agents. We present a paradigm that enables research on the understanding of KGs for visual-linguistic communication. We leverage and enhance and existing KG taxonomy to identify possible KGs that can occur for visual question answer (VQA) tasks and use these findings to develop a classifier to identify questions that could be engineered to contain specific KG types for other VQA datasets. Additionally, we examine the performance of different VQA models through the lens of KGs.

关键词： Students  

摘要： Computer gameplay and social media are the two most common forms of entertainment in the digital age. Many scholars share the assumption that leisure-time digital consumption is associated with computer science (CS) affinity, but there is a dearth of research evidence for this relationship. Female students generally spend less time on gaming and more time on social media than do male students, so a gender comparison perspective is helpful. Using multinomial logistic regression analysis on a national sample of 10,197 U.S. college students in introductory CS courses, we found that frequent computer gameplay was strongly associated with computer science career interest for both male (N = 7214) and female students (N = 2659). However, increased social media use predicted a higher CS career interest for female students, but a lower interest in male students. © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Computer science   Cyber peace   Cyber war   Interdisciplinarity   Teaching  

摘要： Interdisziplinäre Forschung und Lehre zwischen Informatik sowie Friedens- und Sicherheitsforschung ist vor dem Hintergrund der Bedeutung möglicher Konflikte im Cyberspace unabdingbar. Auch wenn sowohl in der einen als auch der anderen Disziplin zahlreiche etablierte Lehrveranstaltungen und Lehrbücher existieren, gilt dies nicht für deren Schnittmenge. Dieser Beitrag reflektiert die Einführung der in Bezug auf Thematik und Hörerschaft interdisziplinären Lehrveranstaltung „Informationstechnologie für Frieden und Sicherheit“ für Studierende der Informatik, IT-Sicherheit und Wirtschaftsinformatik der Technischen Universität Darmstadt sowie Friedens- und Konfliktforschung der TU Darmstadt in Kooperation mit der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt. Hierbei werden Herausforderungen und Lösungsansätze der interdisziplinären Lehre dargestellt und die Bedeutung dieser Lehre hervorgehoben. Interdisciplinary research and teaching between computer science and peace and security studies is indispensable against the background of the significance of possible conflicts in cyberspace. Even though numerous established courses and textbooks exist in both the one and the other discipline, this does not apply to their intersection. This article reflects on the introduction of the interdisciplinary course “Information Technology for Peace and Security” for students of Computer Science, Cyber Security and Information Systems at Technical University of Darmstadt and Peace and Conflict Research at the TU Darmstadt in cooperation with the Goethe University Frankfurt. The challenges and solutions of interdisciplinary teaching are presented and the importance of this teaching is emphasised

摘要： Background. COPD is a common clinical chronic airway inflammatory disease that occurs mostly in middle-aged and older adults over the age of 40. The incidence of COPD is increasing year by year and the onset of age is gradually becoming younger. Objective. To observe the effect of teach-back combined with king interaction on the life of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods. A total of 100 COPD patients admitted to our hospital from Jan 2021 to Jan 2022 were retrospectively selected to be divided into 50 cases in the control group and 50 cases in the observation group according to the nursing methods. The control group was treated with routine nursing intervention, while the observation group was treated with teach-back combined with king interactive standard mode intervention. The differences in Self-Care Ability Assessment Scale (ESCA) score, St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) score, Mental State Assessment Scale (MSSNS) score, 6-minute walking distance (6 MWD), and pulmonary function indexes were compared between the two groups before and after the intervention. The success rate and patient compliance of each index in the groups were also recorded. Results. After 3 months and 6 months of intervention, the total SGRO score and its factor scores of self-care skills, self-care responsibility, self-concept, health knowledge level in them were all higher than those before the intervention, while the total SGRO score and its factor scores of respiratory symptoms, activity limitation, disease influence, and so on were all decreased compared with those before the intervention. The ESCA score of the observation group was significantly higher than that of the control one after 3 months and 6 months of intervention, while the SGRQ score was significantly lower than that of the control one, with statistical significance (P < 0.05). After 3 months of intervention, the total score of MSSNS and the scores of anxiety, depression, loneline

关键词： Machine learning  

摘要： Machine learning (ML) algorithms are gaining increased importance in many academic and industrial applications, and such algorithms are, accordingly, becoming common components in computer science curricula. Learning ML is challenging not only due to its complex mathematical and algorithmic aspects, but also due to a) the complexity of using correctly these algorithms in the context of real-life situations and b) the understanding of related social and ethical issues. Cognitive biases are phenomena of the human brain that may cause erroneous perceptions and irrational decision-making processes. As such, they have been researched thoroughly in the context of cognitive psychology and decision making;they do, however, have important implications for computer science education as well. One well-known cognitive bias, first described by Kahneman and Tversky, is the base rate neglect bias, according to which humans fail to consider the base rate of the underlying phenomena when evaluating conditional probabilities. In this paper, we explore the expression of the base rate neglect bias in ML education. Specifically, we show that about one third of students in an Introduction to ML course, from varied backgrounds (computer science students and teachers, data science, engineering, social science and digital humanities), fail to correctly evaluate ML algorithm performance due to the base rate neglect bias. This failure rate should alert educators and promote the development of new pedagogical methods for teaching ML algorithm performance. © 2022, CC BY.

关键词： Applied sciences   Computer science   Internet-based information systems   Computer systems organization   Internet   Social sciences  

摘要： Influencing others through social networks is fundamental to all human societies. Whether this happens through the diffusion of rumors, opinions, or viruses, identifying the diffusion source (i.e., the person that initiated it) is a problem that has attracted much research interest. Nevertheless, existing literature has ignored the possibility that the source might strategically modify the network structure (by rewiring links or introducing fake nodes) to escape detection. Here, without restricting our analysis to any particular diffusion scenario, we close this gap by evaluating two mechanisms that hide the source-one stemming from the source's actions, the other from the network structure itself. This reveals that sources can easily escape detection, and that removing links is far more effective than introducing fake nodes. Thus, efforts should focus on exposing concealed ties rather than planted entities;such exposure would drastically improve our chances of detecting the diffusion source.

关键词： Biotechnology   Biological sciences research methodologies   Biology experimental methods   Computer science  

摘要： In vivo quantitative assessment of structural and functional biomarkers is essential for characterizing the pathophysiology of congenital disorders. In this regard, fixed tissue analysis has offered revolutionary insights into the underlying cellular architecture. However, histological analysis faces major drawbacks with respect to lack of spatiotemporal sampling and tissue artifacts during sample preparation. This study demonstrates the potential of light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) as a non-invasive, 4D (3days + time) optical sectioning tool for revealing cardiac mechano-transduction in zebrafish. Furthermore, we have described the utility of a scale and size-invariant feature detector, for analyzing individual morphology of fused cardiomyocyte nuclei and characterizing zebrafish ventricular contractility.

关键词： Complex networks   Computer science  

摘要： Information has major consequences for democracy and society. It is important to understand what factors favor its diffusion. The impact of the content of a message on its likelihood of going viral is poorly understood. Some studies say originality is important for a message not to be overlooked. Others give more relevance to paratextual elements-network centrality, timing, human cognitive limits. Here we propose that originality and centrality interact in a nontrivial way, which might explain why originality by itself is not a good predictor of success. We collected data from Reddit on users sharing hyperlinks. We estimated the originality of each post title and the centrality of the website hosting the shared link. We show that the interaction effect exists: if users share content from a central website, originality no longer increases the odds of receiving at least one upvote. The same is not true for the odds of becoming one of the top 10% scoring posts. We show that originality is concentrated in the domain network: domains in the core of the network produce more original content. Our results imply that research on online information virality needs to take into account the nontrivial interaction between originality and prominence.

关键词： Computer science   Information technology   Human behaviour  

摘要： Graphical user interfaces are designed so that the most important elements are usually located in the central part of the screen, where they catch the user's attention. However, there are situations where it is necessary to attract the user's attention to make him/her notice, e.g., a critical alert, which is customarily displayed in the peripheral area so as not to interact with the main content. Therefore, our focus is to deliver an increased visibility of content in the peripheral area of the display in a non-intrusive way. Thus, the main purpose of this work is to analyze the visibility of the stimulus (in the form of colored discs), displayed in the peripheral area of a screen, which distracts users from the central part of the interface. The habituation and sensitization effects were considered to study which parameters catch and hold the user's attention, despite the length of their interaction with the system. The experiments performed indicated how the parameters should be set to reduce the habituation effect without the need to use content with the highest visual intensity. The results showed that a high visual intensity is not necessarily needed for the best impact. A medium contrast level, a horizontal or vertical display localization, and a flashing frequency of 2 Hz are sufficient to obtain the best visibility in the peripheral area. In the case of critical alerts and the need for short-term intensive stimuli, it is worth highlighting these with high contrast. This configuration should be the most effective if it is not a continuous operation. However, they can cause unnecessary irritation or even cognitive load for more extended usage.