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关键词： Task-centered instructional strategy   Computer science education   Cognitive load   theory   Social cognitive theory   Instructional design   Whole-task instruction  

摘要： Novice programmers, who have yet to form effective mental models of the domain, often experience high cognitive load, low confidence, and high anxiety, negatively affecting learning and retention rates. These cognitive and affective limitations pose an instructional challenge. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a whole-task instructional approach compared with a part-task instructional approach for novices learning to program from a cognitive and affective perspective. A fully randomized between-subjects controlled experiment was designed, including two online instructional conditions (whole-task vs. part-task). The whole-task condition followed the Task-Centered Instructional Strategy and included explicit instruction in the context of whole tasks. The part-task condition followed a part-task instructional strategy and included the same explicit instruction, yet in the context of objectives and topic-related tasks. Based on Bandura's triadic model (Bandura, Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory, Prentice-Hall, 1986), we propose a conceptual model, which we used to hypothesize that the Task-Centered Instructional Strategy may be more effective for novices learning to program. Sixty-five students with no programming experience volunteered to participate in the study and were randomly assigned to one of the conditions. Participants in the whole-task condition performed significantly better on the near and far transfer posttests. In accordance with our model, confidence and cognitive load during learning were found to be significant partial mediators of the effect of instructional strategy on performance. Overall, we found that the task-centered instructional strategy, combining explicit instruction with whole-tasks, is effective for addressing the cognitive and affective considerations relevant to novices in computer science education.

关键词： Computer vision system   Meat   Meat products   Carcass  

摘要： Computer vision systems (CVS) are applied to macro- and microscopic digital photographs captured using digital cameras, ultrasound scanners, computer tomography, and wide-angle imaging cameras. Diverse image acquisition devices make it technically feasible to obtain information about both the external features and internal structures of targeted objects. Attributes measured in CVS can be used to evaluate meat quality. CVS are also used in research related to assessing the composition of animal carcasses, which might help determine the impact of cross-breeding or rearing systems on the quality of meat. The results obtained by the CVS technique also contribute to assessing the impact of technological treatments on the quality of raw and cooked meat. CVS have many positive attributes including objectivity, non-invasiveness, speed, and low cost of analysis and systems are under constant development an improvement. The present review covers computer vision system techniques, stages of measurements, and possibilities for using these to assess carcass and meat quality.

关键词： Codes   Encoding   Correlation   Diseases   Semantics   MIMICs   Computer science   Automatic ICD coding   attention network   long-tailed label distribution   label correlation  

摘要： The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) code is a disease classification method formulated by the World Health Organization(WHO). ICD coding usually requires clinicians to manually allocate ICD codes to clinical documents, which is labor-intensive, expensive, and error-prone. Therefore, many methods have been introduced for automatic ICD coding. However, most of the methods have ignored or cannot combine two essential features well: long-tailed label distribution and label correlation. In this paper, we propose a novel end-to-end Joint Attention Network (JAN) to solve these two problems. JAN includes Document-based attention and Label-based attention to capture semantic information from clinical document text and label description, respectively, which helps solve the classification of dense and sparse data in long-tailed label distribution. Besides, an Adaptive fusion layer and CorNet block are presented to adaptively adjust the weight of these two attentions and exploit label co-occurrence relations, respectively. Experiments on the MIMIC-III and MIMIC-II datasets demonstrate that our proposed JAN outperformed previous state-of-art methods achieving Micro-F1 of 0.553, Micro-AUC of 0.989 and precision at top 8(P@8) of 0.735. Finally, we also provide attention and label correlation visualization to verify the effectiveness of our model and improve the interpretation of our deep learning-based method.

关键词： Vehicular ad hoc networks   Transportation   Information exchange   Routing   Computer science   Urban areas   Deep learning   Decision making   deep learning   traffic management   user assistance   VANET  

摘要： Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) provide roadside communication for improving the ease of driving user information exchange. It interconnects hierarchical infrastructure units and other vehicles for real-time traffic and vehicle management applications. The growth of vehicle and information density requires concord information exchange for application responses. In this article, Vehicle-Consensus Routing Management Scheme (VCRMS) is proposed for achieving fair roadside assistance for driving users. The proposed scheme exploits the surrounding vehicle information for infrastructure selection and traffic management. The infrastructure and vehicle information are analyzed for their similarity using deep learning for extracting monotonous decisions. The current and previous decisions are used for succeeding in information selection and traffic information retrieval. This prevents unnecessary data from being congesting the traffic and vehicle management application during driver assistance. The performance shows that the proposed scheme achieves 10.7% high application response, 15.9% less information delay, and 10.7% less traffic for different vehicle velocities.

关键词： Menstrual cycle   Histological research   National Socialism   Capital punishment  

摘要： Purpose Hermann Stieve (1886-1952), director of the Berlin Anatomical Institute from 1935, benefited from the rise of execution numbers during the "Third Reich". He used organs and tissues from executed women for his histological research on the reproductive organs and investigated the influence of "nervous agitation" on the cyclical changes of endometrium and ovary. It is still controversial how he was able to acquire intimate data on the executed women and it was therefore suggested that some of his data may have been "invented". Methods Newly emerged dissection protocols and histological drawings from Stieve's research, together with archived court records, enable a more detailed analysis of Stieve's published data. Results We extracted 304 case descriptions from Stieve's publications. Of these, 88 could be linked with 33 identifiable women and related historical records. Nearly all reported causes of death and/or verdicts of executed women were false. Reported clinical data, particularly the day of the menstrual cycle and uterine bleeding shortly before death, are more difficult to verify. We found non-standardised documentation and possible confusions of cases, which may in part be attributable to war effects. Conclusion Stieve actively concealed the fate of the executed women, mostly by inventing imaginary stories. This followed a request by the German and Soviet authorities after 1945 not to publish results from cases of political victims, but only from "dangerous criminals". Scientifically relevant clinical data were not always reported correctly, but are not necessarily fraudulent as different interpretations of this finding can be suggested.

关键词： capital punishment   Catholics   Pope Francis   public opinion   religion  

摘要： In the United States, Catholics make up more than 50 million members of the adult population, or about one in five Americans. It is unclear whether their religious affiliation shapes Catholics' views on public policy issues, ranging from the legality of abortion to criminal justice practices. Capital punishment is especially salient, given that Pope Francis announced in 2018-as official Catholic Church teaching-that the death penalty is "inadmissible" under all circumstances. Based on two national surveys, the current project explores Catholics' support for state executions before (2017) and after (2019) the Pope's momentous change in the church's Catechism. At present, little evidence exists that Pope Francis's doctrinal reform has impacted Catholics, a majority of whom-like Americans generally-continue to favor the death penalty for murderers. Data from our additional 2020 MTurk survey show that only 17.0% of Catholic respondents could correctly identify the Church's position on capital punishment. Despite these results, Pope Francis's teachings provide Catholic leaders and activists with a compelling rationale for opposing the death penalty and holding Catholic public officials accountable for espousing offenders' execution. Further, for the next generation of Catholics, instruction in the inadmissibility of capital punishment, as part of the Church's consistent ethic of life, will be integral to their religious training.

关键词： Stereotypes   Computer science   Early childhood   Preservice teachers   Mixed methods  

摘要： Stereotypes prevent females and other minorities from pursuing an education and a career in Computer Science (CS). Central to broadening the CS pipeline is identifying and debunking stereotypes about computer scientists, especially stereotypes among those who serve as role models for young children, such as early childhood educators. This mixed methods study examined which CS stereotypes female early childhood preservice teachers hold. Analysis of the data collected from 70 preservice teachers revealed stereotypes about computer scientists' appearance, race/ ethnicity, cognitive skills, and work preferences. Specifically, participants see computer scientists as intelligent and overworked White individuals who wear glasses. Findings also showed participants' counter-stereotypical notions about computer scientists' gender and social skills. Particularly, computer scientists were portrayed as collaborative professionals who could be from either gender. CS has been recurrently described in the literature as a male-dominant field, so findings from this study suggest that females may be starting to see themselves or other females in CS roles. Additionally, the emergence of both stereotypical and counter-stereotypical notions speaks to the fact that different conceptions can be formed based on prior experience and exposure to CS role models. As implications for practice and future research, these findings emphasize the importance of addressing CS stereotypes within teacher education programs, as well as preparing future teachers who can pedagogically design and offer CS education to young children in inclusive ways.

关键词： Adaptation models   Manufacturing   Data models   Adaptive learning   Adaptive systems   Channel estimation   Task analysis   Adaptive learning   cyber physical systems (CPSs)   human-machine interaction (HMI)   incremental learning   industrial IoT   self-supervised learning  

摘要： An adaptive machine learning (ML) based smart manufacturing interactive cyber physical human system (ICPHS) is conceptualized, designed, and implemented. One of its significant properties is an ML model that during deployment self-evolves with the streaming data in a self-labeling manner. This automated adaptive ML system is realized by leveraging the underlying causality during human machine interactions, and initialized by a priori domain knowledge and preprocessed public datasets. The system defines a causal and temporal mapping of worker and machine states where one side can label the other automatically. A case study in machines with different automation levels is conducted in a multiuser facility by using finite state machine representations for machine energy states, worker activity states, and interaction transition functions. The fully automated adaptive ML system improves its accuracy for human machine interaction detection by up to 12.5% and shows potential to recognize more fine-grained actions.

摘要： Daniel Diethei is an expert in computer science, human-computer interaction and mobile health. He will support the workshop participants during the world coffee at the discussion table for computer science.

关键词： Image processing  

摘要： Nanotechnology is the aptitude to perceive, measure, operate, and build materials at the nanometer scale, the size of atoms and molecules. Nanotechnology, is involved in many scientific and practical applications, including health, agriculture, electronic devices, computer science and many other fields. At the same time, computers play an essential role in simulating and analyzing the features of nanoparticles. The shrinking of electronic devices in due course will come to end, when the laws of physics avoid us from further diminishing the size of circuits. At any given time, the researchers will not be able to carry on with the current silicon processors, binaries and sequential. One of the most practical ways is to construct computers operating with radical difference: the quantum mechanics. The appearance of quantum computers will include a radical change in the hardware and software that we now know but will permit one to perform calculations that are unconceivable nowadays. Memory is employed as one of the main fragments in diverse circuits design, therefore the design and optimization of random-access memory (RAM) cells have become one of the greatest remarkable investigation regions in Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) equipment. In this study, the researchers attempted to provide a systematic review of recent trends in the interaction between computer science and nanotechnology by highlighting two parallel axes, the first axis includes the use of nanotechnology in enhancing computer systems and devices, and the other one includes the role of computer science in promoting nanotechnology. Since the silicon technology is approaching its maximum capacity, which makes it essential to search for novel mechanisms that permit the production of nano-computers. Thus, this study confirms that computational nanotechnology is emerging as an essential engineering analysis tool for new device designs and modern applications. © 2022 The Author(s)