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摘要： In the current hype about Legal Tech, one has to bear in mind that it is only the latest in a long line of forms of collaboration between law and computer or information science. This paper reviews the long history of research at the intersection of law and computer science, with a focus on German-language Legal Informatics. It aims to identify some of the key paradigms, insights, and findings from more than seven decades. It argues that they can still help today in describing, explaining as well as shaping the interrelationship between law and automated information processing, i.e., the conditions, applications, and implications of the use of computers in law and society. © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： BERT   Multiple choice questions   Natural language processing   Text analysis   TF-IDF  

摘要： Students require continuous feedback for effective learning. Multiple choice questions (MCQs) are extensively used among various assessment methods to provide such feedback. However, manual MCQ generation is a tedious task that requires significant effort, time, and domain knowledge. Therefore, a system must be present that can automatically generate MCQs from the given text. The automatic generation of MCQs can be carried out by following three sequential steps: extracting informative sentences from the textual data, identifying the key, and determining distractors. The dataset comprising of various topics from the 9th and 11th-grade computer science course books are used in this work. Moreover, TF-IDF, Jaccard similarity, quality phrase mining, K-means, and bidirectional encoder representation from transformers techniques are utilized for automatic MCQs generation. Domain experts validated the generated MCQs with 83%, 77%, and 80% accuracy, key generation, and distractor generation, respectively. The overall MCQ generation achieved 80% accuracy through this system by the experts. Finally, a desktop app was developed that takes the contents in textual form as input, processes it at the backend, and visualizes the generated MCQs on the interface. The presented solution may help teachers, students, and other stakeholders with automatic MCQ generation.

关键词： Computer science   Geriatrics   Software  

摘要： Advanced computer vision technology can provide near real-time home monitoring to support "aging in place" by detecting falls and symptoms related to seizures and stroke. In this paper, the authors propose a strategy that uses homomorphic encryption, which guarantees information confidentiality while retaining action detection. Advanced computer vision technology can provide near real-time home monitoring to support "aging in place" by detecting falls and symptoms related to seizures and stroke. Affordable webcams, together with cloud computing services (to run machine learning algorithms), can potentially bring significant social benefits. However, it has not been deployed in practice because of privacy concerns. In this paper, we propose a strategy that uses homomorphic encryption to resolve this dilemma, which guarantees information confidentiality while retaining action detection. Our protocol for secure inference can distinguish falls from activities of daily living with 86.21% sensitivity and 99.14% specificity, with an average inference latency of 1.2 seconds and 2.4 seconds on real-world test datasets using small and large neural nets, respectively. We show that our method enables a 613x speedup over the latency-optimized LoLa and achieves an average of 3.1x throughput increase in secure inference compared to the throughput-optimized nGraph-HE2.

摘要： Under the dual influence of environmental pollution and ecological damage, the green principles of civil law and environmental law can be better coordinated and developed. In the past, environmental pollution and ecological damage in the author's country were very serious. Hence, they designed and experimented with data extraction technology and environmental big data sets. A distribution model investigates it. Experiments show the following: (1) The system is developed from big data and can fully reflect the ecological environment of all parts of the country. Finally, it is concluded that the author's country's environmental pollution and ecological damage are very serious. (2) According to the experimental data of the figures and tables, it is concluded that the cooperation and coordination relationship between the green principles of civil law and environmental law not only has a protective effect on the ecological environment but also increases the economy of society and people. With the continuous updating and coordination of environmental laws and green prototypes, the author's country's environmental pollutants are significantly declining. The author believes that in the future, the country's ecological environment will become better, and the green principles of civil law will be more closely related to environmental law. The country's environmental pollution and people's lives are becoming more closely related. To better solve environmental problems, we have introduced the green principles of civil law and environmental law. It makes people's quality of life and the economy better. The main significance of the study is to use the method with the least damage to the environment to obtain the maximum economic benefit to achieve long-term sustainable development.

关键词： Students  

摘要： Embedding ethics modules within computer science courses has become a popular response to the growing recognition that CS programs need to better equip their students to navigate the ethical dimensions of computing technologies like AI, machine learning, and big data analytics. However, the popularity of this approach has outpaced the evidence of its positive outcomes. To help close that gap, this empirical study reports positive results from Northeastern University’s program that embeds values analysis modules into CS courses. The resulting data suggest that such modules have a positive effect on students’ moral attitudes and that students leave the modules believing they are more prepared to navigate the ethical dimensions they will likely face in their eventual careers. Importantly, these gains were accomplished at an institution without a philosophy doctoral program, suggesting this strategy can be effectively employed by a wider range of institutions than many have thought. © 2022, CC BY.

关键词： Computer architecture  

摘要： Early in the pandemic, we—leaders in the research areas of programming languages (PL) and computer architecture (CA)—realized that we had a problem: the only way to form new lasting connections in the community was to already have lasting connections in the community. Both of our academic communities had wonderful short-term mentoring programs to address this problem, but it was clear that we needed long-term mentoring programs. Those of us in CA approached this scientifically, making an evidence-backed case for community-wide long-term mentoring [1]. In the meantime, one of us in PL had impulsively launched an unofficial long-term mentoring program, founded on chaos and spreadsheets. In January 2021, the latter grew to an official cross-institutional long-term mentoring program called SIGPLAN-M;in January 2022, the former grew to Computer Architecture Long-term Mentoring (CALM). The impacts have been strong: SIGPLAN-M reaches 328 mentees and 234 mentors across 41 countries, and mentees have described it as "life changing" and "a career saver." And while CALM is in its pilot phase—with 13 mentors and 21 mentees across 7 countries—it has received very positive feedback. The leaders of SIGPLAN-M and CALM shared our designs, impacts, and challenges along the way. Now, we wish to share those with you. We hope this will kick-start a larger long-term mentoring effort across all of computer science. © 2022, CC BY.

关键词： Computational science   Computer science  

摘要： Local feature attribution methods are increasingly used to explain complex machine learning models. However, current methods are limited because they are extremely expensive to compute or are not capable of explaining a distributed series of models where each model is owned by a separate institution. The latter is particularly important because it often arises in finance where explanations are mandated. Here, we present Generalized DeepSHAP (G-DeepSHAP), a tractable method to propagate local feature attributions through complex series of models based on a connection to the Shapley value. We evaluate G-DeepSHAP across biological, health, and financial datasets to show that it provides equally salient explanations an order of magnitude faster than existing model-agnostic attribution techniques and demonstrate its use in an important distributed series of models setting. Series of machine learning models, relevant for tasks in biology, medicine, and finance, usually involve complex feature attribution techniques. The authors introduce a tractable method to compute local feature attributions for a series of machine learning models inspired by connections to the Shapley value.

关键词： Education computing  

摘要： In June 1965, Sister Mary Kenneth Keller, BVM, received the first US PhD in Computer Science, and this paper outlines her life and accomplishments. As a scholar, she has the distinction of being an early advocate of learning-by-example in artificial intelligence. Her main scholarly contribution was in shaping computer science education in high schools and small colleges. She was an evangelist for viewing the computer as a symbol manipulator, for providing computer literacy to everyone, and for the use of computers in service to humanity. She was far ahead of her time in working to ensure a place for women in technology and in eliminating barriers preventing their participation, such as poor access to education and daycare. She was a strong and spirited woman, a visionary in seeing how computers would revolutionize our lives. A condensation of this paper appeared as, "The Legacy of Mary Kenneth Keller, First U.S. Ph.D. in Computer Science," Jennifer Head and Dianne P. O'Leary, IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 45(1):55-63, January-March *** Codes 68.03 © 2022, CC BY-NC-ND.

关键词： 青鱼   浮游生物   群落结构   池塘养殖   环境因子  

摘要： 为探究青鱼-鲢、鳙生态养殖池塘中浮游生物群落结构特征及其与环境因子的关系,于2015年4-10月对3口青鱼养殖池塘的浮游生物及水质理化性质进行监测。结果显示,在青鱼-鲢、鳙生态养殖池塘中共检出浮游植物112种,其中绿藻门(47种)、裸藻门(30种)和硅藻门(17种)为优势门类,优势种有扭曲小环藻、普通小球藻和被甲栅藻,浮游植物平均密度和生物量分别为3.24×10^(7)个/L和32.10mg/L。共检出浮游动物96种,其中原生动物42种、轮虫40种、枝角类9种、桡足类5种,优势种有裂痕龟纹轮虫、针簇多肢轮虫和暗小异尾轮虫等,浮游动物平均密度和生物量分别为6.08×10^(4)个/L和5.20mg/L。不同月份浮游植物和浮游动物的多样性指数中,香农-维纳多样性指数分别为1.8~2.5和2.9~4.5、物种丰富度指数分别为2.5~4.9和1.2~4.1、物种均匀度指数分别为0.51~0.69和1.5~2.8。此外,通过Pearson相关性分析和冗余分析对浮游生物群落与水体理化因子之间的关系进行分析,影响青鱼-鲢、鳙生态养殖池塘中浮游生物群落结构的主要环境因子为pH、水温、透明度和溶解氧。因此,在实际生产中可通过调控水质来控制养殖水体中浮游生物群落结构的组成和数量。同时,在高温缺氧的天气应加强水质管理。