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关键词： Neurons   Biological neural networks   Safety   Robustness   Input variables   Computer science   Venus   Abstract analysis   complete verification   input refinement   input splitting   neural network verification  

摘要： Safety and robustness properties are highly required for neural networks deployed in safety-critical applications. Current complete verification techniques of these properties suffer from the lack of efficiency and effectiveness. In this article, we present an efficient complete approach to verify safety and robustness properties of neural networks through incrementally determinizing activation states of neurons. The key idea is to generate constraints via layerwised splitting that make activation states of hidden neurons become deterministic efficiently. These constraints are then utilized for refining inputs systematically so that abstract analysis over the refined input can be more precise. Our approach decomposes a verification problem into a set of subproblems via layerwised input space splitting. The property is then checked on each subproblem, where the activation states of at least one hidden neurons will be determinized. Further checking is accelerated by constraint-guided input refinement. We have implemented a parallel tool called LayerSAR to verify safety and robustness properties of ReLU neural networks in a sound and complete way, and evaluated it extensively on several benchmark sets. Experimental results show that our approach is promising, compared with complete tools, such as Planet, Neurify, Marabou, ERAN, Venus, Venus2, and nnenum in verifying safety and robustness properties on the benchmarks.

摘要： Sociologists of race and ethnicity have convincingly demonstrated that cultural categorizations are affected by racialization. For example, some music genres are clearly dominated by people of color (e.g., rap, soul, r&b), whereas others are particularly popular among whites (e.g., rock, country, classical). However, we know relatively little about how habitual such racialized categorizations are for people. We offer an integrated approach of cultural-sociological insights on the implicit underpinnings of categorization processes to understand how implicit, "nondeclarative" aspects of racial association lie at the heart of the-often, but not always, unintentional-(re)production of racialized cultural categories. We use an Implicit Association Test in combination with a survey (n = 920) to study the connection between rock music and whiteness, and rap music and blackness. First, we find a relationship between whiteness/blackness and having a preference for rock/rap. Second, we demonstrate that the racial associations regarding these genres are firmly grounded in non-declarative knowledge and that this is widely shared across racial groups, albeit somewhat more among people of color.

关键词： Public healthcare   Engineering students   Diseases   Medical services   Computer hacking   Task analysis   Pandemics   Computer science   design thinking   disease   electrical engineering   hackathon   interdisciplinary   outbreaks   public health   rapid prototyping  

摘要： Contribution: Although engineering hackathon events are common, this is one of the first reports of such an event used for the purpose of teaching engineering students about public health concepts. Results from this study suggest that hackathons are an effective format for teaching topics that are not core to the engineering discipline in a short period of time. Background: The current COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the essential role that computer scientists and engineers have in controlling disease outbreaks. However, engineering programs generally do not provide training on public health issues. Thus, there is a critical need to develop innovative and engaging ways to educate engineering students about public health without interfering with required discipline-specific content. Intended Outcomes: Hackathons, short-term events, held outside of the classroom, can provide an engaging and effective method for increasing the interest and knowledge of engineering students in disease outbreaks. In this article, the effectiveness of a hack day in increasing the interest and knowledge of engineering students in disease outbreaks is assessed. Application Design: One-hundred-six undergraduate students, 30 of whom were engineering majors, participated in a multidisciplinary disease focused hackathon. Student learning and engagement during the hackathon was assessed for the 30 engineering students that participated through pre- and post-event surveys. Findings: The results indicated that the hackathon increased both content knowledge and engagement of engineering students in public health issues. Additionally, students gained an increased understanding of public health professions and how they can contribute to disease tracking, prevention, and treatment. Therefore, hackathons are an effective and efficient tool for teaching engineering students about topics outside of their discipline.

关键词： Computer science   Electrical and electronic engineering   Photonic devices  

摘要： Neuromorphic computing using photonic hardware is a promising route towards ultrafast processing while maintaining low power consumption. Here we present and numerically evaluate a hardware concept for realizing photonic recurrent neural networks and reservoir computing architectures. Our method, called Recurrent Optical Spectrum Slicing Neural Networks (ROSS-NNs), uses simple optical filters placed in a loop, where each filter processes a specific spectral slice of the incoming optical signal. The synaptic weights in our scheme are equivalent to the filters' central frequencies and bandwidths. Numerical application to high baud rate optical signal equalization (>100 Gbaud) reveals that ROSS-NN extends optical signal transmission reach to > 60 km, more than four times that of two state-of-the-art digital equalizers. Furthermore, ROSS-NN relaxes complexity, requiring less than 100 multiplications/bit in the digital domain, offering tenfold reduction in power consumption with respect to these digital counterparts. ROSS-NNs hold promise for efficient photonic hardware accelerators tailored for processing high-bandwidth (>100 GHz) optical signals in optical communication and high-speed imaging applications.

关键词： Careers   Computer science   Policy  

摘要： Three charts from the world of research, selected byNatureeditors.

关键词： genetic algorithm   BIM technology   construction   computer science  

摘要： BIM technology is a breakthrough in the construction industry whose application is of great value, and the engineering design, engineering budget and cost control combined with BIM technology have been developed rapidly. Therefore, in this paper, BIM technology is adopted to optimise the construction mode, and the genetic algorithm is selected to solve the scheduling model of construction. By applying an interdisciplinary research method combined with computer science and technology, an intelligent optimisation model of construction can provide a new research perspective and technical method for the development of the construction industry.

关键词： Quantum information   Computer science   Qubits   Topological matter  

摘要： Fault-tolerant protocols and quantum error correction (QEC) are essential to building reliable quantum computers from imperfect components that are vulnerable to errors. Optimizing the resource and time overheads needed to implement QEC is one of the most pressing challenges. Here, we introduce a new topological quantum error-correcting code, the three-dimensional subsystem toric code (3D STC). The 3D STC can be realized with geometrically-local parity checks of weight at most three on the cubic lattice with open boundary conditions. We prove that one round of parity-check measurements suffices to perform reliable QEC with the 3D STC even in the presence of measurement errors. We also propose an efficient single-shot QEC decoding strategy for the 3D STC and numerically estimate the resulting storage threshold against independent bit-flip, phase-flip and measurement errors to be p(STC) approximate to 1.045%. Such a high threshold together with local parity-check measurements make the 3D STC particularly appealing for realizing fault-tolerant quantum computing. Topological quantum error correction is a promising approach towards fault-tolerant quantum computing, but suffers from large time overhead. Here, the authors generalise the stabiliser toric code to a single-shot 3D subsystem toric code, featuring good performance and resilience to measurement errors.

关键词： Computer science   Information theory and computation   Quantum information   Quantum optics  

摘要： The use of machine learning to characterise quantum states has been demonstrated, but usually training the algorithm using data from the same state one wants to characterise. Here, the authors show an algorithm that can learn all states that share structural similarities with the ones used for the training. Deep neural networks are a powerful tool for characterizing quantum states. Existing networks are typically trained with experimental data gathered from the quantum state that needs to be characterized. But is it possible to train a neural network offline, on a different set of states? Here we introduce a network that can be trained with classically simulated data from a fiducial set of states and measurements, and can later be used to characterize quantum states that share structural similarities with the fiducial states. With little guidance of quantum physics, the network builds its own data-driven representation of a quantum state, and then uses it to predict the outcome statistics of quantum measurements that have not been performed yet. The state representations produced by the network can also be used for tasks beyond the prediction of outcome statistics, including clustering of quantum states and identification of different phases of matter.

关键词： Computer science   Ethics   Information technology   Machine learning  

摘要： Pivotal study of facial recognition algorithms revealed racial bias. [Figure not available: see fulltext.]. © 2022, Springer Nature Limited.

关键词： Computer science   Institutions   Policy   Scientific community   Society  

摘要： Black and Hispanic people face huge hurdles at technology companies and in computer-science education in the United States, with far-reaching consequences for science and all of society. [Figure not available: see fulltext.]. © 2022, Springer Nature Limited.