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关键词： Laplace equations   Data models   Training   Semantics   Correlation   Computer science   Space exploration   Cross-view retrieval   heterogeneous recognition   latent common space   semisupervised multiview learning  

摘要： In this article, we study two challenging problems in semisupervised cross-view learning. On the one hand, most existing methods assume that the samples in all views have a pairwise relationship, that is, it is necessary to capture or establish the correspondence of different views at the sample level. Such an assumption is easily isolated even in the semisupervised setting wherein only a few samples have labels that could be used to establish the correspondence. On the other hand, almost all existing multiview methods, including semisupervised ones, usually train a model using a fixed dataset, which cannot handle the data of increasing views. In practice, the view number will increase when new sensors are deployed. To address the above two challenges, we propose a novel method that employs multiple independent semisupervised view-specific networks (ISVNs) to learn representation for multiple views in a view-decoupling fashion. The advantages of our method are two-fold. Thanks to our specifically designed autoencoder and pseudolabel learning paradigm, our method shows an effective way to utilize both the labeled and unlabeled data while relaxing the data assumption of the pairwise relationship, that is, correspondence. Furthermore, with our view decoupling strategy, the proposed ISVNs could be separately trained, thus efficiently handling the data of increasing views without retraining the entire model. To the best of our knowledge, our ISVN could be one of the first attempts to make handling increasing views in the semisupervised setting possible, as well as an effective solution to the noncorresponding problem. To verify the effectiveness and efficiency of our method, we conduct comprehensive experiments by comparing 13 state-of-the-art approaches on four multiview datasets in terms of retrieval and classification.

关键词： Environmental science   Computer science   Speed   Multiple Linear Regression   Machine learning   Artificial Neural Network   Support Vector Machine   Random Forest  

摘要： The present study developed Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) and machine learning (ML) models, including Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Random Forest (RF), to predict the mean free-flow speed (FFS) using several geometric, traffic, and pavement condition variables. The traffic features group includes spot speed, speed limit, average speed, 85th percentile speed, traffic and crossing pedestrian volumes, volume of exiting vehicles, percentage of elderly crossing pedestrians (Elderly%), percentage of heavy vehicles (HV%), and traffic calming measures (TCMs). The geometric characteristics include lateral clearance, number of effective lanes, number of access points (including median openings), road grade, effective lane width, and median width. The pavement condition category includes pavement roughness in the International Rough-ness Index (IRI). A total of 11 urban arterials were used to develop the MLR model and train the ML models. Test data were collected from two randomly selected roads to evaluate the performance of each model, investigate the differences between conventional linear regression and ML approaches, and determine the best prediction models based on the results of the two techniques. Results showed that the proposed ML algorithms outperformed linear regression models. They are believed to be valuable and strong tools to predict the mean FFS that adapts to sudden changes in traffic flow caused by exogenous conditions on urban arterials and can be employed in determining the most influential factors and building reliable prediction models where spot study is not feasible due to time and resource limitations.

关键词： artificial intelligence   digital design   exosomatization   knowledge   organology   technics  

摘要： This paper aims to connect Stiegler's reflections on theoretical computer science with his practical propositions for the design of digital technologies. Indeed, Stiegler's theory of exosomatization implies a new conception of artificial intelligence, which is not based on an analogical paradigm (which compares organisms and machines, as in cybernetics, or which compares thought and computing, as in cognitivism) but on an organological paradigm, which studies the co-evolution of living organisms (individuals), artificial organs (tools), and social organizations (institutions). Such a perspective does not compare human capacities to machine performances but studies the way in which the evolution of material and technical supports affects and transforms psychological, cognitive or noetic faculties (intuition, memory, understanding, imagination, sensibility, reason, etc.), as well as the constitution of different kinds of knowledge. This new theoretical paradigm implies a new 'design' for digital technologies, which considers their social role and their impact on psychological, cognitive or noetic faculties.

关键词： Callus cell lines   Gamma radiation   Oxidative stress   Salinity tolerance   Daucus carota L   ssp   sativus var   atrorubens alef  

摘要： The main objective was to select salt tolerant lines at the cell level of Hatay region's black carrot (Daucus carota L. ssp. sativus var. atrorubens Alef.) using callus and suspension culture techniques combined with gamma rays. Hypocotyl explants of in vitro grown plantlets was used for callus induction. Effective mutation dose was determined by gamma radiation treatment at various doses (0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 Gy) to black carrot calli after in vitro optimization steps. According to regression analysis, the number of plants regenerated from calli was found 8.36 Gy as effective dose. In the ongoing study, calli with 7 Gy, 8 Gy and 9 Gy gamma rays were multiplied by subculture for 5 times. Shoot induction was achieved in medium containing 1 mg L-1 BAP concentration. Average plant height, root length and branching number parameters of plants regenerated from calli were determined. Salt stress was applied to the plants acclimatized from in vitro to the climate chambers. changes in the amount of peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities of antioxidant enzymes and the changes in lipid peroxidation were revealed in leaf samples taken from plants that continued to live in a salty environment after the 14 days of the treatment. At the end of the study, salt tolerance increased in mutant plants have the plant number of 8-21, 9-19, 7-9, 9-2 and 9-8 compared to the control, and these were determined as possible mutant plants.

关键词： Optimization   Search problems   Convergence   Research and development   Linear programming   Cybernetics   Computer science   Differential evolution (DE)   large-scale optimization   multiobjective optimization   variable grouping  

摘要： Large-scale multiobjective optimization problems (LMOPs) bring significant challenges for traditional evolutionary operators, as their search capability cannot efficiently handle the huge decision space. Some newly designed search methods for LMOPs usually classify all variables into different groups and then optimize the variables in the same group with the same manner, which can speed up the population's convergence. Following this research direction, this article suggests a differential evolution (DE) algorithm that favors searching the variables with higher importance to the solving of LMOPs. The importance of each variable to the target LMOP is quantized and then all variables are categorized into different groups based on their importance. The variable groups with higher importance are allocated with more computational resources using DE. In this way, the proposed method can efficiently generate offspring in a low-dimensional search subspace formed by more important variables, which can significantly speed up the convergence. During the evolutionary process, this search subspace for DE will be expanded gradually, which can strike a good balance between exploration and exploitation in tackling LMOPs. Finally, the experiments validate that our proposed algorithm can perform better than several state-of-the-art evolutionary algorithms for solving various benchmark LMOPs.

关键词： Computer science   Computational science  

摘要： The success of human civilization is rooted in our ability to cooperate by communicating and making joint plans. We study how artificial agents may use communication to better cooperate in Diplomacy, a long-standing AI challenge. We propose negotiation algorithms allowing agents to agree on contracts regarding joint plans, and show they outperform agents lacking this ability. For humans, misleading others about our intentions forms a barrier to cooperation. Diplomacy requires reasoning about our opponents’ future plans, enabling us to study broken commitments between agents and the conditions for honest cooperation. We find that artificial agents face a similar problem as humans: communities of communicating agents are susceptible to peers who deviate from agreements. To defend against this, we show that the inclination to sanction peers who break contracts dramatically reduces the advantage of such deviators. Hence, sanctioning helps foster mostly truthful communication, despite conditions that initially favor deviations from agreements. © 2022, The Author(s).

关键词： academic integrity   cheating   computer science   education at scale   plagiarism   workflow  

摘要： Background Plagiarism is a very serious offence in academic institutions. Yet there is some reluctance to address plagiarism by educators as its enforcement can require a significant time commitment if not handled wisely. Handling plagiarism at scale has the potential to exacerbate this problem. Objectives This article explores the challenges educators face when it comes to enforcing plagiarism from within the course environment, presents a solution that addresses these challenges, and provides guidelines for preventing and detecting plagiarism in our at-scale courses. Methods A workflow is shared which was created from our experience of handling plagiarism within our large online computer science graduate level program. We present an empirical study of this workflow that shows the overall prevalence of misconduct. Results and Conclusions Results demonstrate this workflow being effectively and efficiently applied to address plagiarism across four courses and three semesters by a single individual working half time. We have observed that warnings on low-stakes assignments can be very effective at deterring future misconduct. We have also observed that cases come to a quicker resolution when students readily acknowledge their own misconduct after being promptly notified. Takeaways from the study Plagiarism should not only be managed through institution wide policies, but also through effective strategies implemented in the course environment. This is particularly important when handling plagiarism at scale. Addressing plagiarism starts in the course and therefore effective strategies for handling it there are needed.

摘要： Dieser Artikel ist der erste einer Viererreihe, die eine Diskussion über die Grundlagen der Informatik anregen soll. Dabei steht das Begriffsnetzwerk, das den Kern der Informatik ausmacht, im Zentrum. Dieses Begriffsnetzwerk steht in dem Spannungsfeld, zum einen weitgehend in unserem alltagssprachlichen Verständnis verankert zu sein, aber zum anderen mittels des spezifischen informatischen Ansatzes, sich auf das Unterscheidbare zu fokussieren, auch auf genuin informatischen Konzepten aufzubauen. In diesem ersten Teil wird die Informatik als eine Theorie der Interaktion vorgestellt und als ihre zentralen Begriffe werden die Zustandsfunktion, das System, die Unterscheidbarkeit und damit die Information, die Berechenbarkeit sowie eine ganze Reihe mathematischer Konzepte eingeführt, allen voran das der Relation, der Funktion, der mathematischen Struktur, der Äquivalenz und der Komposition. Der grundlegende Bezug zum Informationskonzept als Abstraktion vom Ununterscheidbaren macht die Informatik zu einer Strukturwissenschaft und bindet damit die Klarheit ihrer Begrifflichkeit letztlich an deren Bezug zur Mathematik. Drei wichtige Konsequenzen werden aufgeführt. Erstens gibt es keine zwei verschiedenen Welten der Informatik und der Physik, die auf geheimnisvolle Weise „wechselwirken“. Sondern: Es gibt nur eine Welt, die wir unterschiedlich beschreiben. Zweitens lässt sich mit Klärung der Frage, was aus Sicht der Informatik eigentlich zwischen Systemen, die über Signale miteinander kommunizieren, „transportiert“ wird – nämlich die Information – auch feststellen, was insbesondere nicht transportiert wird – nämlich irgendeine Bedeutung. Und drittens ergibt sich ein gewisser „virtueller“ Charakter rein informatisch beschreibbarer Systeme, der dort endet, wo die Abstraktion, dass die Struktur von Systemen in der Interaktion invariant bleibt und es allein auf die Unterscheidbarkeit ankommt, ihre Gültigkeit verliert.

关键词： Open educational resources   Computer science   Student perceptions   Student motivation to learn   Textbook quality   COVID-19  

摘要： The use of Open Educational Resources (OER) in course settings provides a solution to reduce the textbook barrier. Several published studies have concluded that high textbook costs may influence students' educational choices. However, there are other student characteristics that may be relevant to OER. In this work, we study various factors that may influence students' educational choices regarding OER and their impact on a student's perspectives on OER use and quality. More specifically, we investigate whether there are significant differences in the frequency of use and perceived quality of the OER textbook based on gender, prior academic achievements, income, seniority, sentiment about online format, and motivation to learn. Our study involved students enrolled in the "Data Structures" course at Columbus State University (N=61) and analyzed students' feedback before and during the COVID-19 pandemic to provide insights that can inform the decision of adopting OER in higher education settings. The results indicate that there is no significant difference between most of the students' characteristics and the perception of the quality and use of the OER textbook. However, two student characteristics presented significant differences. Students who used the OER textbook more frequently were more likely to have a less positive attitude towards the online format of the textbook. Also, students with higher motivation to learn perceived it as a better resource than the traditional textbook compared to students with lower motivation to learn.

关键词： Comment sections   capital punishment   law and pain   medical assistance in dying   punishment  

摘要： Prisoners in Canadian federal penitentiaries can obtain medical assistance in dying (MAiD). This raises questions about the nature and legitimacy of pain and death in incarceration. The authors analyze responses to a Canadian Broadcasting Corporation online news article discussing the provision of MAiD to prisoners. The comments exemplify different sensibilities about the state's lethality with respect to prisoners. These sensibilities-both legal and penal-draw on an array of cultural referents to orient to prisoners' deaths generally, but also MAiD specifically. The authors explore how certain referents factor in these legal and penal sensibilities and appear to mediate commenters' judgements. For example, capital punishment factors significantly in conversations about MAiD for prisoners, as well as imaginations of prisoners' bodies in pain. As a result, there is a spectacularization of prisoners' carceral death, despite the humane, "civilized" death MAiD provides, which circumscribes how some commenters imagine the procedure and prisoners' deaths.