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关键词： Rice straw   KOH-urea pretreatment   Biorefinery   Fertilizer   Bacillus   Priestia  

摘要： Management of black liquor (BL) generated from alkaline pretreatment poses significant challenges for realizing economically lignocellulosic biorefinery. Recently, the application of BL from KOH-urea pretreatment of crop's straw for crop growth provides a circular and economic way for BL recycling. However, the influence of low molecular weight (LMW) organics in BL on plant growth has been unknown. This study detected 11 LMW organics in BL from KOH-urea-treated rice straw, and found their concentration effect on the growth of rice seedling, especially for strong inhibition from p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid at 5 mg/L, and good promotion from n-butyl acetate at 25 mg/L. The inoculation of self-preserved bacterial and fungal strains into BL could obviously remove p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid. BL inoculated with Priestia sp. xly-4 significantly enhanced root development, increased soil nutrients, and improved the distribution of beneficial microorganisms around the rhizosphere soil to promote rice yield. This work would contribute for constructing an economically green way for lignocellulosic biorefinery via the efficient recycling of BL for the crop growth.

关键词： Neuroscience   Systems biology   Computer science  

摘要： Explaining the macroscopic activity of a neuronal population from its microscopic properties poses a great challenge, not just because of the many local agents that play a role, but due to the impact of long-range connections from other brain regions. We used a computational model to explore how local and global components of a network shape the slow wave activity (SWA). A sensitivity analysis allowed us to explore how local properties and long-range connections shaped the SWA of a population and its neighbors. We show that while manipulations in the synaptic excitatory/inhibitory balance can create local changes, cellular components that modulate the excitability or adaptation led to changes in neighboring populations too. We also show in silico and in vivo how heterogeneities in excitability can determine the directionality of traveling Up states. We expect these results to motivate research exploring and comparing cortical circuits through the analysis of their SWA.

关键词： Computer science   Social sciences   Education  

摘要： Remote science education has expanded rapidly, offering access to STEM learning at an unprecedented scale. Yet most online platforms prioritize content delivery through videos, simulations, and assessments, excluding the central experience of live experimentation. Without opportunities to generate data, test ideas, and engage in discovery, students miss chances to develop technical intuition, experimental reasoning, and ownership of the scientific process. This absence undermines inquiry-based learning, which builds understanding through doing rather than watching. Here, I examine how the current structure of online science education falls short, emphasizing the consequences of excluding real-time, hands-on investigation for reasoning, identity, and engagement. I highlight a growing class of cloud-connected platforms that allow students to remotely design, run, and analyze live experiments. By restoring access to real-time inquiry, these systems have been shown to improve learning outcomes and strengthen STEM identity, offering a promising direction for scalable, interactive science education that broadens participation globally.

关键词： Physics   Computer science   Engineering  

摘要： Ptychography is a phase imaging technique that leverages intensity images obtained by translating objects across an illumination beam. Deep learning has demonstrated promising potential in solving inverse problems, offering effective solutions for phase retrieval. However, obtaining substantial amounts of labeled data in the terahertz (THz) bands for pretraining the neural networks is very challenging, thereby limiting the generalization ability of the networks. Here, we propose an untrained physics-driven neural network (UPNN) to facilitate the high-quality reconstruction of THz ptychography. UPNN does not require pretraining and takes only a single dataset as input, which guides the inference process of neural networks by integrating real-world physical models. Therefore, UPNN is more flexible to different types of imaging objects and hardware than the pretraining approach. Moreover, the experimental results and simulated analysis prove that UPNN outperforms conventional iterative ptychography algorithms in terms of image quality, lateral resolution, and robustness.

摘要： This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal ( https://***/locate/withdrawalpolicy ). This article has been retracted at the request of the Author. The journal previously published a corrigendum on behalf of the author that completed the analysis of Case 3 of Lemma 2 in the original publication. Further concerns about the study were raised by the author after the corrigendum published, which led to a full review of the manuscript by the Editor-in-Chief. After careful review, the analysis of the algorithm and the correctness proofs repeatedly use the inequality: OPT(G) ≥ OPT(G’) + l-1. This inequality is used first in the proof of Lemma 2 (Section 4) and is used repeatedly in the sequel of the paper. Unfortunately, the inequality does not hold in all input graphs. Without this inequality, the proofs of Section 4 are not valid and the claimed main results of the paper about improved approximation ratios do not hold. Due to the above concerns, the Editor-in-Chief of Theoretical Computer Science, Section A has decided to retract the paper.

摘要： Corticolimbic development is shaped by the environment and relies on coordinated neuronal activity. Prior work revealed that early life adversity (ELA) leads to hyperinnervation of basolateral amygdala (BLA) projections to the prefrontal cortex (PFC) beginning in early adolescence. Both ELA and corticolimbic hyperconnectivity are associated with anxiety-like behavior, however the underlying developmental processes driving these effects are largely unknown. Here we investigated interactive impacts of rearing environment and neuronal activity on behavior and corticolimbic connectivity in rats. We first found that BLA-PFC hyperinnervation was associated with enhanced BLA-evoked PFC local field potentials in adolescents exposed to maternal separation (MS) ELA. Since ELA reportedly increases activity in the early-developing BLA, we further examined whether reducing BLA activity during adolescence influences behavior or enduring PFC innervation. During early adolescence, MS animals displayed heightened exploratory behaviors in an open field. Differences between rearing groups were not present during acute inhibition of glutamatergic BLA neurons, as BLA inhibition resembled the effects of MS on adolescent exploratory behaviors. To examine longer-lasting impacts of adolescent BLA activity on PFC innervation, BLA-originating axonal boutons were quantified in the PFC during emerging adulthood after adolescent BLA inhibition. We expanded previous findings to show that MS causes enduring BLA-PFC hyperinnervation. Surprisingly, adolescent BLA inhibition itself increased BLA-PFC innervation in control animals, suggesting that hyperpolarization of output neurons during early adolescence may contribute to aberrant development of efferent projections. Taken together, our results indicate that ELA yields increased BLA-PFC innervation in adulthood that may involve enhanced inhibitory signaling within developing BLA circuitry.

摘要： Generalist primary school computer science (CS) teachers are often reluctant to introduce CS activities that go beyond CS unplugged tasks. To address this challenge, we drew from constructive alignment principles to implement a new programming modality for primary school: the handwriting programming language (HPL). HPL brings programming activities closer to existing teaching practices by enabling students to write instructions on paper, take a picture, and have an agent execute them. HPL’s applicability in classrooms was investigated in two stages. First, 49 primary school teachers evaluated two alternative programming modalities—HPL and an equivalent paper-based Tangible Programming Language—using the technology acceptance model (TAM). As teachers preferred HPL, we then conducted a 3-session quasi-experimental study with 143 public school students (aged 9–10) to compare HPL’s acceptance (with the TAM) and learning outcomes (with a validated test) to the established Scratch programming language. The findings indicate that: (i) over 80% of teachers were willing to use HPL to teach CS in class, irrespective of gender or prior experience; (ii) HPL-students exhibited less trial-and-error behaviour than Scratch-students (fewer attempts, more time between attempts); (iii) students perceived HPL as positively as Scratch; (iv) HPL-students learned as much as Scratch-students. In conclusion, HPL is an accessible, accepted, and pedagogically meaningful means of teaching CS that is as efficient as Scratch to teach CS in primary school. HPL’s efficiency and acceptance by teachers and students suggests that handwriting-based programming languages may help shift primary school CS teaching practices, and make CS education more widespread, bringing us closer to CS for all.

关键词： Curiosity   Deprivation sensitivity   Cybersecurity proficiency  

摘要： Curiosity is a multidimensional concept consisting of various constructs including interest-type curiosity (or joyous exploration) and deprivation-type curiosity (or deprivation sensitivity) that has been found to impact behavior in organizational contexts, such as the workplace and educational settings ( Yow et al., 2022 ). The craft of cybersecurity hacking is said to be “led by curiosity” ( Steinmetz, 2015 , pp. 57). The current study examined interest-type and deprivation-type curiosity among computer science and cybersecurity students varying in self-reported levels of cybersecurity proficiency. In addition, participants completed a set of coding and debugging tasks to determine how proficiency and curiosity impacted performance. Deprivation-type curiosity was higher in participants with greater proficiency, but there was no difference in interest-type curiosity between individuals with more or less cybersecurity proficiency. In addition, participants with greater proficiency demonstrated greater accuracy and efficiency when completing the coding/debugging problems. Higher levels of deprivation-type curiosity may lead to greater persistence for learning, and a need to reduce tension or uncertainty, resulting in better performance on the coding/debugging task in the current study. Implications for including curiosity in college curriculum are discussed.

关键词： Itemsets   Databases   Taxonomy   Data mining   Urban areas   Electronic mail   Information technology   Dairy products   Memory management   Computer science   Candidate pruning   cross-level high utility itemset   data mining   reducing transaction scans   unstable and negative profits  

摘要： High utility itemset mining (HUIM) is one of the most compelling problems in data mining, extending frequent itemset mining (FIM) and serving as a crucial method for analyzing customer behavior. Many HUIM algorithms have been proposed to improve execution time and memory consumption. However, most assume that the profit is fixed for each item in a database, which is unrealistic. Some algorithms address products with unstable transaction profits but still need to run faster due to ineffective pruning strategies. Additionally, generalizing items into categories is often neglected. To address these issues, this paper considers a more practical database type that integrates unstable profits with a taxonomy of items. The proposed algorithm, CLHUN (Cross-level High Utility Itemset Mining in a Database with Unstable and Negative Profits), combines efficient techniques such as item sorting and tighter upper bounds to prune the search space. Furthermore, it introduces strategies to eliminate unpromising items during mining and reduce the number of transaction scans. Several experiments were conducted to evaluate the algorithm's performance. Results demonstrate that CLHUN is efficient with these techniques and strategies.