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关键词： Computer science   Decision tree   Hospital   k-Nearest neighbors (KNN)   Length of stay   Logistic regression   Machine learning   Random forest  

摘要： The construction sector in a rapidly developing country like India is a very unorganized sector. A large number of workers were affected and hospitalized during the pandemic. This situation is costing the sector heavily in several respects. This research study was conducted as part of using machine learning algorithms to improve construction company health and safety policies. LOS (length of stay) is used to predict how long a patient will stay in a hospital. Predicting LOS is very useful not only for hospitals, but also for construction companies to measure resources and reduce costs. Predicting LOS has become an important step in most hospitals before admitting patients. In this post, we used the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care(MIMIC III) dataset and applied four different machine learning algorithms: decision tree classifier, random forest, Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and logistic regression. First, I performed data pre-processing to clean up the dataset. In the next step, we performed function selection using the Select Best algorithm with an evaluation function of chi2 to perform hot coding. We then performed a split between training and testing and applied a machine learning algorithm. The metric used for comparison was accuracy. After implementing the algorithms, the accuracy was compared. Random forest was found to perform best at 89%. Afterwards, we performed hyperparameter tuning using a grid search algorithm on a random forest to obtain higher accuracy. The final accuracy is 90%. This kind of research can help improve health security policies by introducing modern computational techniques, and can also help optimize resources. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Bharati Vidyapeeth's Institute of Computer Applications and Management.

关键词： Replication changes   Templates   Linguistic patterns   Families of experiments   Threats to validity  

摘要： The need of replicating empirical studies in Computer Science is widely recognized among the research community. It is essential to report the changes of each replication to promote not only the comprehensibility of the evolution of the experimental validity across a family of studies, but also replicability itself. Unfortunately, the lack of proposals for systematic reporting of changes in replications undermines these desirable objectives. The main goal of the work presented in this article is to provide researchers in Computer Science with a systematic tool-supported approach for the specification and reporting of changes in the replications of their empirical studies. Applying Design Science Research, we have developed and validated a composite artifact consisting of (i) a metamodel that formalizes all the relevant concepts related to replications and their changes; (ii) templates and linguistic patterns that facilitate their reporting; and (iii) a proof-of-concept model-based software tool that supports the proposed approach. For its validation, we have carried out a multiple case study that includes 9 families of empirical studies not only from Computer Science, but also from an area as different as Agrobiology , to check the external validity of our approach. The 9 families encompass 23 replication studies and a total of 92 replication changes, for which we have analyzed the suitability of our proposal. The multiple case study revealed some initial limitations of our approach related to threats to experimental validity and context variables. After several improvement iterations on the artifact, all of the 92 replication changes could be properly specified, including also their qualitatively estimated effects on experimental validity and their corresponding visualization. Our proposal for the specification of replication changes seems to fit the needs not only of replications in Computer Science, but also in other research areas. Nevertheless, further research

关键词： Computer science   Silicon   Probabilistic logic   Gold   Genomics   Computational modeling   Bioinformatics   Reproducible computation   Student Cluster Competition  

摘要： Ankit Srivastava et al. (Srivastava et al. 2020) proposed a parallel framework for Constraint-Based Bayesian Network (BN) Learning via Markov Blanket Discovery (referred to as ramBLe) and implemented it over three existing BN learning algorithms, namely, GS, IAMB and Inter-IAMB. As part of the Student Cluster Competition at SC21, we reproduce the computational efficiency of ramBLe on our assigned Oracle cluster. The cluster has 4x36 cores in total with 100 Gbps RoCE v2 support and is equipped with CentOS-compatible Oracle Linux. Our experiments, covering the same three algorithms of the original ramBLe article (Srivastava et al. 2020), evaluate the strong and weak scalability of the algorithms using real COVID-19 data sets. We verify part of the conclusions from the original article and propose our explanation of the differences obtained in our results.

摘要： How artificial intelligence and computer science grew up together.

关键词： Adoption   pedagogical content   teacher professional development   computer science education   primary school   formal learning environments  

摘要： Context. With the introduction of Computer Science (CS) into curricula worldwide, teachers' adoption of CS pedagogical content is essential to ensure the long-term success of reform initiatives. Continuing Professional Development (CPD) programs play a key role in this process. Unfortunately, adoption is seldom evaluated in CS-CPDs or CPDs in general. The result is a dearth of studies (i) modelling teachers' adoption of CS pedagogical content or (ii) investigating factors influencing the uptake of this new discipline. Both aspects are crucial to design and characterize successful CPD programs. Objectives. We thus propose the Teachers' Adoption of CS (TACS) model to investigate factors influencing the adoption of CS pedagogical content by teachers who are following a mandatory CS-CPD program. More specifically, the model proposes that contextual factors (e.g., age, gender, and general teaching experience), prior factors (e.g., experience, and CS perception), and acceptance factors (e.g., interest, and self-efficacy) may impact teachers' adoption of CS pedagogical content. Methods. The study included 180 grades 5 and 6 teachers (students aged 9-11) that were following a mandatory CS-CPD program. The CS-CPD program involved participation in three-day-long sessions distributed over the 2019-2020 academic year. In between sessions, with the support of instructional coaches in the schools, teachers were encouraged, but not required, to adopt the CS pedagogical content. Therefore, during the CPD, and employing surveys based on the TACS model, we evaluated teachers' adoption of the proposed content and investigated how the different factors influenced it. Results. At the PD-level, the results indicate that self-efficacy and interest queried during the CS-CPD are indicative of CS pedagogical content adoption. To shed more light on the relationshipbetween these metrics, a more in-depth analysis was conducted with n = 92 teachers whose responses could be matched between sessio

关键词： Synchronization   Control systems   Low latency communication   Computer science   Research and development   Registers   Protocols   State synchronization   programmable switches   approximate techniques  

摘要： Programmable switches empower stateful packet processing, in which incoming packets continuously update states in the data plane, while applications in the control plane read and write states. However, since the data plane and control plane are separated, a consistent view of states in both planes is required for stateful packet processing. Existing approaches suffer from either high latency or low accuracy. In this paper, we propose, a framework that offers approximate state synchronization with low latency and high accuracy. To achieve low latency, directly transfers states between switch ASICs and the control plane by bypassing switch operating systems. To achieve high accuracy, utilizes the resources in the switch ASIC to realize rate control in state synchronization, such that it avoids potential state loss. It also bounds the divergence between the states in the data plane and that in the control plane under limited link capacity. We prototype on Barefoot Tofino switches. The experimental results indicate that compared to existing approaches, achieves order-of-magnitude latency reduction while maintaining high accuracy of state synchronization. Also, our experiments demonstrate that provides significant latency benefits to existing network management applications and well preserves high application-level accuracy.

关键词： Encoding   Costs   Discrete cosine transforms   Transforms   Quantization (signal)   Telecommunications   Computer science   SHVC   probability   Index Terms   AII-zero block   partial-zero block  

摘要： To seamlessly adapt to time-varying network bandwidths, the Quality Scalable High-Efficiency Video Coding (QSHVC) is developed. However, its coding process is overly complex, and this seriously limits its wide applications in real-time environments. Therefore, it is of great significance to study fast coding algorithms for QSHVC. In this paper, we propose a novel probability-based zero-block early termination algorithm for QSHVC. First, we observed that the generated residual coefficients follow the Laplace distribution if a CU is accurately predicted. According to this observation, we derive the sum of squared differences based All-Zero Block (AZB) decision condition. Second, we develop the Hadamard Transform (HT)-based zero-valued quantized coefficient decision condition to obtain zero-valued quantized coefficients and the corresponding Partial-Zero Block (PZB). Third, the probability of each coding mode and coding depth being chosen as the best ones are combined with both AZBs and PZBs to derive the probability-based early termination condition. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can improve the average coding speed by 79.85% with a 0.34% decrease in BDBR.

关键词： Teacher attitudes   teacher beliefs   professional documents  

摘要： Instrument development is an important step towards unlocking the analytical power of teacher attitudes and beliefs towards Computer Science (CS). Teacher dispositions have strong empirical and theoretical ties to teacher motivation, professional choices, and classroom practices. To determine consensus desirable attitudes and beliefs, we analyzed 17 key documents produced by 12 national and international organizations associated with CS and the CS education reformmovement. An analysis of 98 relevant coded segments yielded four dispositional targets: an equity orientation, a teacher growth mindset, and key beliefs regarding (career) outcomes and epistemology of CS. Statements crafted for these targets as well as self-efficacy were reviewed through an expert panel (N = 5) and a pilot study (N = 22) before the T-ABC was administered to elementary teachers in a large grant-funded outreach project (N = 772). Psychometric analysis demonstrates high reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.89) and satisfactory extraction and loading onto a three factor model, with CS beliefs, growth mindset, and self-efficacy as major factors. Identification and measurements of teacher dispositions enables further analysis of how teacher beliefs may support or hinder effective practice in CS instruction, how teacher populations may differ, and how identified dispositions may change with exposure to various CS learning experiences.

关键词： Computer science education   high schools   structuration theory   case study  

摘要： In the age of computing, there still exist many schools that do not offer computer science courses. The reason can be esoteric to designers of interventions, curricula, and policies. This study aims to answer the research question: What do school officials perceive as barriers to and supports for offering computer science courses at their school? This article provides a case study of four public high schools in the state of Georgia to better understand the barriers to adopting computer science. Interviews conducted with school principals, counselors, and teachers were thematically analyzed to study each case. The pattern that emerged from these themes is framed by structuration theory, wherein the structures (school policies, resources, and courses) influence the agents (teachers, students, the community), and in turn, the agents influence the structures. This framing provides insights into what attributes can be supports for or barriers against schools offering computer science courses.

关键词： Computer science education   secondary school   teacher professional development   formal learning environments   curriculum development   research practice partnership  

摘要： Context Introducing Computer Science (CS) into formal education can be challenging, notably when considering the numerous stakeholders involvedwhich include the students, teachers, schools, and policy makers. We believe these perspectives should be considered conjointly, which is possible within Research Practice Partnerships (RPPs). RPPs look to bridge research-practice gaps and have seen an increase in the field of education and CS-education. Unfortunately, RPPs are considered to be under-researched, in addition to presenting their own challenges. Objectives To the purpose of assessing how RPPs may support the successful introduction of CS into formal education, we investigate three perspectives (students, teachers, and RPP stakeholders) and their interplay within the context of a multi-institution RPP conducting a pilot program to introduce CS to secondary school students. Methods A mixed methods analysis was employed to triangulate data in a concurrent triangulation design. The data included (i) three surveys distributed over the semester to 106 grade 9 students (ages 12-14), (ii) four teacher-journals, (iii) two interviews and four focus groups with the teachers and representatives of the partner institutions. Findings From the students' perspective, while their self-efficacy increased, their motivation decreased throughout the semester due to a miss-match between their expectations and the course. The findings also indicate that gender biases and heterogeneity are already present in grade 9. From the teachers' perspective, co-constructing the study plan, having access to regular support and collaborating within a community of practice when starting to teach CS all facilitated the teachers' experience. Finally, from the RPP's perspective the collaboration between stakeholders and having researchers evaluate the program were considered to be key elements in the pilot program. However, there appears to be a research-practice gap, in large part due to limited inte