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关键词： Indexes   Clustering algorithms   Euclidean distance   Amplitude modulation   Partitioning algorithms   Computer science   K-means   number of clusters   inertia   elbow method   Calinski-Harabasz index   Hartigan rule  

摘要： This paper gives an experimentally supported review and comparison of several indices based on the conventional K-means inertia criterion for determining the number of clusters, K, in datasets, using the popular Silhouette width index as a benchmark. Our experiments involve a novel version of the Elbow index, defined using values of K two or three steps apart. We also discuss alternative ways of computing the inertia and summarizing its values. Even though there are no overall winners in our experiments, some of our results are very conclusive and can be used as a guide for indices determining the number of clusters in K-means.

关键词： Privacy   Security   Public key   Encryption   Companies   Computer science   Probabilistic logic   Threshold signature   security   privacy   accountability  

摘要： Threshold signature is a fundamental cryptographic primitive used in many practical applications. As proposed by Boneh and Komlo (CRYPTO'22), TAPS is a threshold signature that is a hybrid of privacy and accountability. It enables a combiner to combine $t$ signature shares while revealing nothing about the threshold $t$ or signing quorum to the public and asks a tracer to track a signature to the quorum that generates it. However, TAPS has three disadvantages: it 1) structures upon a centralized model, 2) assumes that both combiner and tracer are honest, and 3) leaves the tracing unnotarized and static. In this work, we introduce Decentralized, Threshold, dynamically Accountable and Private Signature (DeTAPS) that provides decentralized combining and tracing, enhanced privacy against untrusted combiners (tracers), and notarized and dynamic tracing. Specifically, we adopt Dynamic Threshold Public-Key Encryption (DTPKE) to dynamically notarize the tracing process, design non-interactive zero knowledge proofs to achieve public verifiability of notaries, and utilize the Key-Aggregate Searchable Encryption to bridge TAPS and DTPKE so as to awaken the notaries securely and efficiently. In addition, we formalize the definitions and security requirements for DeTAPS. Then we present a concrete construction and formally prove its security and privacy. To evaluate the performance, we build a prototype based on SGX2 and Ethereum.

关键词： Tagging   Long short term memory   Recurrent neural networks   Representation learning   Computer science   White spaces   Robustness   Noise measurement   Labeling   Context modeling   Attention mechanism   neural network   long short-term memory   representation learning   word segmentation  

摘要： Sindhi word segmentation is a challenging task due to space omission and insertion issues. The Sindhi language itself adds to this complexity. It's cursive and consists of characters with inherent joining and non-joining properties, independent of word boundaries. Existing Sindhi word segmentation methods rely on designing and combining hand-crafted features. However, these methods have limitations, such as difficulty handling out-of-vocabulary words, limited robustness for other languages, and inefficiency with large amounts of noisy or raw text. Neural network-based models, in contrast, can automatically capture word boundary information without requiring prior knowledge. In this paper, we propose a Subword-Guided Neural Word Segmenter (SGNWS) that addresses word segmentation as a sequence labeling task. The SGNWS model incorporates subword representation learning through a bidirectional long short-term memory encoder, position-aware self-attention, and a conditional random field. Our empirical results demonstrate that the SGNWS model achieves state-of-the-art performance in Sindhi word segmentation on six datasets.

关键词： Education   Programming profession   Training   Phase measurement   Sorting   Shape   Instruments   Computer science   computational thinking   primary education   secondary education   gender studies  

摘要： Emotions are essential drivers of the learning process, influencing motivation, performance, and problem-solving abilities. In the field of Computer Science, students often struggle with negative emotions during programming activities, impacting their performance and project quality. To address this challenge, there is a growing need to introduce Computational Thinking skills at the pre-university level. This study focuses on understanding the emotions experienced by primary and secondary school students during Computational Thinking activities, involving both plugged and unplugged tools. A significant performance difference was observed between primary and secondary education levels, with the latter outperforming the former. The research identifies specific associations between concepts and emotions, highlighting age-related differences with younger students exhibiting more positive emotions. While gender-based disparities in Computer Science perception exist in secondary education, there are no corresponding distinctions in emotional responses. The study reveals a gender-based effect, with girls showing reduced emotional responses and lower Computational Thinking performance than boys. In summary, this research underscores the profound role of emotions in learning, providing essential insights for tailoring educational strategies considering gender-specific and programming concept-related factors. It also connects lower emotional reactions to inferior results, emphasizing the importance of heightened emotional engagement.

关键词： 科技翻译   编程语言   目的论   翻译策略  

摘要： Python是一种优秀的计算机编程语言,与其他编程语言相比,Python能够将复杂且具有挑战性的工作简化为简洁的代码,因此在各行各业中得到了广泛的应用,比如人工智能、大数据、自动化办公。Intro to Python for Computer Science and Data Science是一本教科书,主要内容是Python的运用,帮助读者从零基础开始学习这门编程语言。对这本书进行翻译可以帮助了解Python语言的应用前景,为目标读者学习和应用该编程语言提供指引和参考。 本文是基于Intro to Python for Computer Science and Data Science的英汉翻译实践报告,原文属于科技英语文本,结构紧凑、语言严谨、多长句、多被动句等,且专业术语及缩略词多。本报告在汉斯·弗米尔的目的论指导下,从词汇和句子两个层面,通过具体的案例分析,研究并探讨了翻译计算机编程类科技英语文本所涉及的一些翻译策略。在词汇层面,主要针对相关的专业术语采用了词义选择和零翻译策略;而在句子层面,针对文本中存在的被动句、长难句、无灵主语句,主要采用语态对等、语态转换、顺句驱动、语序调整、语句拆分、主语增补和主语转换的翻译策略。 希望本文可以为国内广大Python语言学习者提供参考,对计算机相关领域理论文本的翻译也可以提供一些借鉴。

ISBN: (纸本)9798350378542

ISBN: (纸本)9781760466459;9781760466466;1760466468

摘要： This study builds on a close examination of an archive of filesthat advised the Australian Commonwealth Executive on Papua NewGuineans found guilty of capital o...

关键词： Girls   STEM education   Technology   Young women   American education  

摘要： The national conversation about STEM education continues. While math and science have been a constant in K–12 and higher education, curriculum in technology and engineering have not been consistently part of the tapestry of American education. As such, there is a dearth of qualified candidates for the ever-growing number of computer science and engineering career opportunities. Prevailing stereotypes that depict the typical workforce in these industries as White and male contribute to the lack of representation of other groups. This study focused on the representation of girls and young women in computer science between the years of 2005– 2018. Data tracking on Advanced Placement (AP) computer science enrollment started in 2005, making this an optimal year to start data collection. The researcher ended collection of articles in 2018. Using 47 articles from one of the country’s newspapers with the highest readership and with wide-reaching influence, The New York Times, a variety of concepts were coded and analyzed in a mixed-method design. Overarching themes emerged and formed a narrative about girls and young women in computer science. Within the text of the articles, causes for the disparity and solutions were explored. There was little conversation about policy changes. Various stakeholders who influence education pathways can use the findings of this study to craft solutions to what The New York Times chronicled as a national crisis.

关键词： Blockchains   Security   Internet of Things   Smart contracts   Proof of Work   Reviews   Computer science   Data transfer   Information exchange   Privacy   Blockchain   data exchange   Internet of Things (IoT)   privacy   security  

摘要： Internet of Things (IoT) plays an essential contribution in connecting devices and enabling seamless data exchange, leading to increased efficiency and convenience. However, security concerns in IoT systems are significant, as compromised devices can lead to data breaches and privacy violations. Blockchain technology can enhance IoT security by providing decentralized consensus, immutability, and transparent transaction records, ensuring secure and trustworthy communication and data integrity. This review article gives a succinct but thorough understanding of blockchain technology, covering architecture of blockchain, working principles, types, applications, platforms, and its role in the IoT environment. The study highlights potential benefits of blockchain like enhanced security and privacy, and explores its integration with IoT. Additionally, the study discusses various real-world applications, examines blockchain platforms, and addresses the limitations and challenges associated with blockchain technology. This review serves as a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners seeking a deeper understanding of blockchain's potential and its implications in the IoT landscape.

关键词： IEEE Transactions   Use Of Data   Computer Science   Data Privacy   Cybersecurity   School Science   Differential Privacy   Department Of Computer Science   Privacy Aspects