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关键词： aggravation   capital punishment   criminal sentencing   death penalty   ethics   forensic neuropsychiatry   intellectual disability   juvenile offenders   mitigation   psychopathy   risk assessment  

摘要： The neuropsychiatric contribution to capital sentencing proceedings has grown substantially in recent decades as the consideration of neurological and psychiatric factors in criminal behavior has been increasingly accepted as relevant to the quest for justice. This review article will focus on the legal theories underlying neuropsychiatric input into capital sentencing decisions, as well as some of the investigative techniques and resulting data which may be offered by forensic neuropsychiatrists in this context. The death penalty is unique in its severity and irreversibility, as the courts, including the U.S. Supreme Court, have noted repeatedly. "Death is different," and the recognition of this has generated a set of court decisions and statutes pertinent specifically to capital proceedings, both procedural and substantive.

关键词： Hypoxia   Dissolved oxygen   Hypercapnia   Japanese sillago   Embryos   Larvae  

摘要： Acidification and deoxygenation are major threats to ocean environments. Despite the possibilities of their cooccurrence, little is known about their interactive effects on marine organisms. The effects of low pH and low dissolved oxygen (DO) on the early life stages of the coastal fish Sillago japonica were investigated. Twenty-five experimental treatments fully crossed in five levels of pH 7.6-8.1 and DO 50-230 mu mol/kg (20-100 % saturation degree) were tested, and hatching rate of the embryos and survivability of the larvae after 24 h at 25 degrees C were investigated. Low DO treatment significantly affected the embryos and larvae compared to low pH treatment. The 50 % lethal concentration of DO showed the highest value at pH 7.6 and the lowest value at pH 7.7 and 7.9 for embryos and larvae, respectively. Therefore, effects of deoxygenation on fishes were alleviated under acidified condition around pH 7.7-7.9.

ISBN: (纸本)9783959773096

关键词： computer science   cybernetics   information   artificial intelligence   computational technique   static information   dynamic information   measure of change   delta-entropy   knowledge gain   heuristics  

摘要： The article determines peculiarities and specifies application areas of the scientific methods of informatics and cybernetics based on V. M. Glushkov's definition of information. The concept of artificial intelligence is noted to belong to these science fields. The impossibility of using the traditional theoretical and practical foundations of discretization, quantization, and signal transmission in real-time systems is proved, and the need to develop new theoretical foundations based on the measure of changes for cybernetic systems is stressed. A tracking model of analog-incremental transformation of continuous signals with increments that are multiples to the power of 2 is proposed, as well as the methods of signal coordination with the information processing means. The expediency of using the dynamic theory of information based on the delta-entropy is stressed for distinguishing useful (dynamic) information in signals, images, videos, iterative processes, and, in general, in the data on changes in evolutionary processes. Approaches to the synthesis of new technical solutions based on the method of knowledge increments are proposed. The peculiarities of creating artificial intelligence by the methods of informatics and cybernetics and the need for their synergy with other science fields are determined.

关键词： authorship   bibliometrics   Lecture   Notes in Computer Science   South   Africa   computer science researchers  

摘要： Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS) is a globally recognised publication outlet for the field of Computer Science, including in South Africa. In this study, spanning from 1973 to 2022, we investigated the research participation of South African based authors in LNCS. The publication output and citation impact of these authors were compared to the global Computer Science and LNCS output. The authorship patterns and collaborative behaviour of South African LNCS papers were explored, and a keyword or topic analysis also conducted. Of the total of 518 662 LNCS papers published globally between 1973 and 2022, South African based researchers contributed 1150 papers (0.22%). The LNCS papers from South Africa exhibit a strong collaborative publication culture, with 1043 (91%) co-authored and 107 (9%) singleauthored works. Local LNCS researchers prefer institutional collaboration (43%), followed by international (37%) and national collaboration (11%). Europe emerged as the most significant collaboration partner for LNCS researchers in South Africa. Of the 1150 papers, 836 (73%) had received citations, while 314 (27%) had not. On average, papers published by South African based authors received 6.05 citations, compared to the global LNCS average of 9.49 citations per paper. A keyword analysis revealed that the majority of papers by South African authors focus on artificial intelligence. The results indicate that, although LNCS serves as a reputable dissemination platform for Computer Science research output both globally and locally, South African authors should consider publishing more journal articles to build and improve their researcher profiles. Significance: The study shows that LNCS is the most frequent publication outlet for Computer Science researchers, globally and in South Africa. The study offers insight into the publication output, authorship patterns, collaborative behaviour and citation impact of South African based Computer Science researchers.

关键词： Ethics   Education   Computer science   Codes   Law   Informatics   Europe   Computer ethics   critical thinking   ethics in engineering   didactical resource  

摘要： The significance of incorporating ethics education in engineering programs has grown considerably in recent times, especially within domains such as computer science, software engineering, data science, and artificial intelligence. In response to this demand, a pedagogical activity was developed and executed to facilitate students in applying ethical theories to occupational and societal challenges while enhancing their critical thinking abilities. This activity involves students participating in a debate where they are assigned a moral stance to uphold and must utilize one of the ethical theories explored in class to bolster their case. This paper offers an in-depth account of the conception and execution of this educational activity, as well as the encouraging results observed. Furthermore, the paper showcases the scenario utilized in the activity, which outlines a professional conundrum in the realm of Computer Engineering. The findings of this educational activity indicate its efficacy as a teaching instrument for ethics in engineering programs, with potential applicability to other engineering fields. By integrating such pedagogical activities into engineering programs, educators can empower students with essential ethical values and skills to tackle intricate ethical issues in their professional and social spheres while also fostering critical thinking and encouraging dialogue among students.

关键词： Citation impact   Best paper   Peer evaluation   Academic honor   Computer science  

摘要： This paper presents a preliminary comparison of citation impact between two types of Best Paper Awards recipients: pre-and post-publication peer-selected best papers. Two hundred and ninety-nine pairs of pre-and post-publication peer-selected best papers from 15 highly prestigious computer science conferences spanning more than two decades were gathered for empirical analysis. Each pair was published in the same proceedings, and their citation information was collected within a 10-year period after their formal publication. A series of pairwise comparisons were performed in order to unbiasedly uncover their differences in citation counts (i.e., a good proxy for citation impact), as well as in citation speed, citation diversity, and citation location distributions (i.e., three characteristic properties of citation impact). The empirical results demonstrate that in computer science, the post-publication peer-selected best papers receive significantly more citations than their pre-publication counterparts, with an estimated probability of up to 0.79 (95% CI: 0.74 similar to 0.83). Meanwhile, they tend to accumulate their citations more quickly in the later (versus earlier) stages-they can scarcely be fast-aging papers, and their accumulated citations tend to cover a broader scope of academic disciplines. Overall, however, the pre-and post-publication peer-selected best papers have very similar citation location distributions. Both of them are most frequently cited in the Background sections, followed by the Methods sections, and finally the Results sections. In addition, the citation impact superiority of the post-publication peer-selected best papers remains consistent across different fields of research and over a long period of time, from 1997 to 2022.

关键词： Educational game   Game-based learning   Computer science   Primary education  

摘要： This paper reviews the current situation concerning the implementation of game-based learning in computer science in primary education, providing insight into current trends, identifying strengths and potential research topics. Articles published in four databases from 2017 to 2021 are included in the analysis and an in-depth analysis of 32 articles is done. Different types of games, implemented in various educational contexts, are presented in these articles. Most of them describe implemented methodology, game-based environment or are evaluating the effectiveness of the created game or the approach. The possibility of implementing a game-based approach while learning other computer science topics or measuring the effectiveness of learning by designing a game as a pedagogical strategy are some areas for future research.

关键词： Vehicle-to-grid   Resource management   Decision making   Costs   Computer science   Petroleum   Optimization   intelligent transportation systems   energy allocation   virtual network embedding   deep reinforcement learning  

摘要： As electric vehicle (EV) ownership becomes more commonplace, partly due to government incentives, there is a need also to design solutions such as energy allocation strategies to more effectively support sustainable vehicle-to-grid (V2G) applications. Therefore, this work proposes an energy allocation strategy, designed to minimize the electricity cost while improving the operating revenue. Specifically, V2G is abstracted as a three-domain network architecture to facilitate flexible, intelligent, and scalable energy allocation decision-making. Furthermore, this work combines virtual network embedding (VNE) and deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithms, where a DRL-based agent model is proposed, to adaptively perceives environmental features and extracts the feature matrix as input. In particular, the agent consists of a four-layer architecture for node and link embedding, and jointly optimizes the decision-making through a reward mechanism and gradient back-propagation. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed strategy is demonstrated through simulation case studies. Specifically, compared to the used benchmarks, it improves the VNR acceptance ratio, Long-term average revenue, and Long-term average revenue-cost ratio indicators by an average of 3.17%, 191.36, and 2.04%, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the first attempts combining VNE and DRL to provide an energy allocation strategy for V2G.