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关键词： Chemistry   Forensic toxicology   Computer science   Data analysis  

摘要： In forensic investigations, forensic intelligence is required for illicit drug profiling in order to allow police officers and law enforcements to recognize crime developments and adjust their actions. In the present paper, we propose a novel framework for Digital Forensic Drug Intelligence (DFDI) by fusing digital forensic and drug profiling data through intelligent cycles, where a targeted and iterative collection of evidence from diverse sources is a core step in the process of drug profiling. Drug profiling data combined with digital data from seized devices collected, examined, and analyzed will allow authorities to generate valuable information about illicit drug trafficking routes and manufacturing. Such data can be stored in seized illicit drug databases to build in an intelligent way, all findings, hypotheses and recommendations, allowing law enforcement to make decisions. Our framework will potentially provide a better understanding of profiling, trafficking and distribution of illicit drugs.

关键词： Browsers   Canopy cover   Grassland zone   Grazing   Herbivory   Kruger National Park   Soil properties   Tree canopy  

摘要： Savannas are characterized by the co-occurrence of two different plant life forms: grasses and trees. Herbivory plays a major role in the balance between grasses and trees in savanna ecosystems. The present study aimed to investigate the impact and interactions between long-term (i.e. 20 years) herbivory and/or its exclusion and plant life form on the soil biochemistry of a protected semi-arid savanna ecosystem in the Kruger National Park (KNP), South Africa. To study the effects of herbivory on soil properties, herbivore exclosures (fully fenced areas, partially fenced areas, and an unfenced area) were used in conjunction with plant life form (trees and grasses) were considered. Interaction effects of herbivory and plant life form on soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total nitrogen (TN), total carbon (TC), available phosphorus (available P), exchangeable cations (K+, Na+, Mg2+ and Ca2+) cation exchange capacity (CEC), organic matter (OM) and total microbial activity were determined on savanna soils in the Nkuhlu exclosures, KNP. Exclosures where herbivores were present had significantly higher soil pH, The presence of herbivores caused an increase in soil pH, EC, exchangeable Na, CEC, and OM. The influence of the tree canopy was significantly more pronounced in elevating total C and N, exchangeable K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+, CEC and OM than observed in the open grassland zones across all exclosures. The two-way interaction between herbivory and plant life form resulted in significant decreases in TN, TC, exchangeable K, Na and Mg in open grassland areas outside of herbivore exclosures where large animals had direct access, as compared to areas within the exclosures which was protected from animal entry herbivory. This data can be used by national parks as an indicator to increase their knowledge of environmental issues relating to maintaining and preserving landscape features of savannas.

关键词： Statistical physics   Computer science   Artificial intelligence  

摘要： Cooperative AI has shown its effectiveness in solving the conundrum of cooperation. Understanding how cooperation emerges in human-agent hybrid populations is a topic of significant interest, particularly in the realm of evolutionary game theory. In this article, we scrutinize how cooperative and defective Autonomous Agents (AAs) influence human cooperation in social dilemma games with a one-shot setting. Focusing on well-mixed populations, we find that cooperative AAs have a limited impact in the prisoner's dilemma games but facilitate cooperation in the stag hunt games. Surprisingly, defective AAs can promote complete dominance of cooperation in the snowdrift games. As the proportion of AAs increases, both cooperative and defective AAs have the potential to cause human cooperation to disappear. We then extend our investigation to consider the pairwise comparison rule and complex networks, elucidating that imitation strength and population structure are critical for the emergence of human cooperation in human-agent hybrid populations.

关键词： Biological sciences   Neuroscience   Behavioral neuroscience   Computer science  

摘要： Animals including humans must cope with immediate threat and make rapid decisions to survive. Without much leeway for cognitive or motor errors, this poses a formidable computational problem. Utilizing fully immersive virtual reality with 13 natural threats, we examined escape decisions in N = 59 humans. We show that escape goals are dynamically updated according to environmental changes. The decision whether and when to escape depends on time-to-impact, threat identity and predicted trajectory, and stable personal characteristics. Its implementation appears to integrate secondary goals such as behavioral affordances. Perturbance experiments show that the underlying decision algorithm exhibits planning properties and can integrate novel actions. In contrast, rapid information-seeking and foraging-suppression are only partly devaluation-sensitive. Instead of being instinctive or hardwired stimulus-response patterns, human escape decisions integrate multiple variables in a flexible computational architecture. Taken together, we provide steps toward a computational model of how the human brain rapidly solves survival challenges.

关键词： Students  

摘要： Large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT and Google Bard have garnered significant attention in the academic community. Previous research has evaluated these LLMs for various applications such as generating programming exercises and solutions. However, these evaluations have predominantly been conducted by instructors and researchers, not considering the actual usage of LLMs by students. This study adopts a student-first approach to comprehensively understand how undergraduate computer science students utilize ChatGPT, a popular LLM, released by OpenAI. We employ a combination of student surveys and interviews to obtain valuable insights into the benefits, challenges, and suggested improvements related to ChatGPT. Our findings suggest that a majority of students (over 57%) have a convincingly positive outlook towards adopting ChatGPT as an aid in coursework-related tasks. However, our research also highlights various challenges that must be resolved for long-term acceptance of ChatGPT amongst students. The findings from this investigation have broader implications and may be applicable to other LLMs and their role in computing education. Copyright © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Computer science   Philosophy  

摘要： As dialogue agents become increasingly human-like in their performance, we must develop effective ways to describe their behaviour in high-level terms without falling into the trap of anthropomorphism. Here we foreground the concept of role play. Casting dialogue-agent behaviour in terms of role play allows us to draw on familiar folk psychological terms, without ascribing human characteristics to language models that they in fact lack. Two important cases of dialogue-agent behaviour are addressed this way, namely, (apparent) deception and (apparent) self-awareness.

关键词： Computer science   Education   Machine learning   Mathematics and computing  

摘要： Wei Wang, a computer scientist at the University of California, Los Angeles, found that GPT-3.5 - which powers the free version of ChatGPT - and its successor, GPT-4, got a lot wrong when tested on questions in physics, chemistry, computer science and mathematics taken from university-level textbooks and exams2. "Are there positive uses?" asks Collin Lynch, a computer scientist at North Carolina State University in Raleigh who specializes in educational systems. Academics have produced other tools, suchas PyrEval4, created by computer scientist Rebecca Passonneau's team at Pennsylvania State University in State College, to read essays and extract the key ideas. With help from educational psychologist Sadhana Puntambekar at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, PyrEval has scored physics essays5 written during science classes by around 2,000 middle-school students a year for the past three years.

关键词： Computer science   Education   Machine learning   Society  

摘要： Many students now use AI chatbots to help with their assignments. Educators need to study how to include these tools in teaching and learning — and minimize pitfalls.

摘要： Nowadays, computer science (CS) has emerged as a dominant force in numerous research areas both within and beyond its own discipline. However, despite its significant impact on scholarly space, only a limited number of studies have been conducted to analyze the research trends and relationships within computer science. In this study, we collected information on fields and subfields from over 2,000 research articles published in the 2022 proceedings of the top Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) conferences spanning various research fields. Through a network approach, we investigated the interconnections between CS fields and subfields to evaluate their interdisciplinarity and multidisciplinarity. Our findings indicate that computing methodologies and privacy and security stand out as the most interdisciplinary fields, while human-centered computing exhibits the highest frequency among the papers. Furthermore, we discovered that machine learning emerges as the most interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary subfield within computer science. These results offer valuable insights for universities seeking to foster interdisciplinary research opportunities for their students. © 2023, CC BY.

摘要： Preface: Proceedings of 2023 International Conference on Computer Science and Mechatronics, AIP Conference Proceedings, Volume 3017, Issue 1, 15 November 2023,