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关键词： Scientific Council "Cybernetics" of the USSR Academy of Sciences   cybernetics   computer science   scientific research management   Academy of Sciences   Institute of Cybernetics Problems of the USSR Academy of Sciences   PSRG "School-1"   Axel Berg   VA Melnikov   EP Velikhov   pattern recognition   image analysis   mathematical logic   theory of algorithms   theoretical physics   biomedical cybernetics  

摘要： The review presents the history of the creation and work of the Scientific Council "Cybernetics" (SCC)-the center for development of cybernetics in the USSR and Russia. The Council's activity is covered as a structure that coordinates scientific and technical activity in cybernetics in the country via a system of sections: about 16 public and professional bodies involving thousands of specialists. Brief information about the sections is given. The chronology of development of the SCC is discussed, in particular, information about its chairmen, starting with the renowned organizer of research and development, Academician and Admiral Axel Ivanovich Berg and the following academicians: B.N. Petrov, O.M. Belotserkovsky, A.P. Ershov, E.P. Velikhov, B.V. Bunkin, and Yu.I. Zhuravlev. The SCC's publishing activity is briefly reviewed. The second function, built into the SCC from its onset, is as a research institute conducting its own research on the most pressing scientific problems insufficiently covered by existing structures. Several main areas of research by the SCC itself and its successor, the Axel Berg Institute of Cybernetics and Educational Computing of the Federal Research Center "Computer Science and Control" of the RAS: coding and transmission of information, economic cybernetics, aircraft control, supercomputers, digital technologies in education, mathematical logic and the theory of algorithms, pattern recognition and image analysis, mathematical methods of image analysis, theoretical physics, biomedical cybernetics, and ultrasound imaging. Another function of the SCC is considered: as an incubator of new academic industrially oriented structures and the fate of one of them-the Institute of Cybernetics Problems-is traced.

关键词： Pricing   Smart grids   Real-time systems   Forecasting   Smart meters   Costs   Computer science   Dynamic pricing   fog computing   genetic algorithm   simple exponential smoothing   smart grid   weighted moving average (WMA)  

摘要： Unit electricity pricing is of vital importance in an electric grid network. It is essential to charge the customers in a fair manner. Traditional pricing models are found to be inadequate in the ability to charge customers fairly due to a lack of support for real-time communication between customers and electricity providers. With the introduction of smart devices in the electric grid domain, the real-time gathering of information is a seamless process. Such an electric network that uses smart devices is called a smart grid. In a smart grid network, electricity providers can monitor the electricity usage pattern of customers in a real-time manner, which can then be analyzed to determine the appropriate prices. To analyze the customer's history of usage and price the electricity in a real-time manner, the computation must be performed with minimal latencies. Adoption of a fog computing layer in the smart grids can aid in the attainment of this goal. In this article, we propose a novel method for the pricing of electricity. In our approach, the electric demand of a household is predicted based on their past usage patterns. Users are then clustered into different bins based on their demands, and an evolutionary algorithm is used to generate the prices for the users present in different bins in a real-time manner to ensure the maximum attainable profit to a service provider.

关键词： Computer science   higher education   mental models   misconceptions   qualitative   survey   terminology  

摘要： Contribution: Most work on languages in computing education currently focuses on non-native speakers. In contrast, to the best of the authors' knowledge, this article is the first response to the call for research on terms that takes into account the terms used by novices in their ***: Terms are key factors in communication, thinking, and belonging to a community, but questions about terms and their use by novices are listed as research calls that have not yet been answered for novices. Terms can be used to identify misconceptions about programming languages (PLs) and conceptions, which is an ongoing trend in computing education *** Questions: RQ1: What terms do novices use to describe code snippets in Java? RQ2: To what extent and in what way do the terms indicate PL misconceptions or conceptions?Methodology: An inductive-dominant qualitative content analysis (QCA) was conducted to examine the terms used by novices. The data consisted of more than 1800 free-text responses from 123 undergraduate CS1 students from the fall 2020/2021 ***: In general, novices use technical language appropriately in their terms when describing code but individual responses and terms revealed a wide diversity. The terms reflect both undescribed PL misconceptions and conceptions, confirming previous research in this area.

关键词： Estimation   Stochastic processes   Optimization   Computer science   Predictive models   Information processing   Fasteners   Positive-unlabeled learning   weakly supervised learning   binary classification  

摘要： Positive-Unlabeled (PU) data arise frequently in a wide range of fields such as medical diagnosis, anomaly analysis and personalized advertising. The absence of any known negative labels makes it very challenging to learn binary classifiers from such data. Many state-of-the-art methods reformulate the original classification risk with individual risks over positive and unlabeled data, and explicitly minimize the risk of classifying unlabeled data as negative. This, however, usually leads to classifiers with a bias toward negative predictions, i.e., they tend to recognize most unlabeled data as negative. In this paper, we propose a label distribution alignment formulation for PU learning to alleviate this issue. Specifically, we align the distribution of predicted labels with the ground-truth, which is constant for a given class prior. In this way, the proportion of samples predicted as negative is explicitly controlled from a global perspective, and thus the bias toward negative predictions could be intrinsically eliminated. On top of this, we further introduce the idea of functional margins to enhance the model's discriminability, and derive a margin-based learning framework named Positive-Unlabeled learning with Label Distribution Alignment (PULDA). This framework is also combined with the class prior estimation process for practical scenarios, and theoretically supported by a generalization analysis. Moreover, a stochastic mini-batch optimization algorithm based on the exponential moving average strategy is tailored for this problem with a convergence guarantee. Finally, comprehensive empirical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

关键词： Program evaluation   School-based evaluation   Evaluation methods   Inclusive STEM high schools   Propensity score matching   Equity  

摘要： Inclusive STEM high schools are designed to address racial, gender, and socioeconomic disparities in access to high-quality STEM education. Our study focuses on an inclusive, computer-science-themed, regional high school in Virginia, which admits students via a weighted random lottery. Using a quasi-experimental design, we analyzed a restricted-use, longitudinal dataset to compare outcomes for admitted students to those of a propensity-matched group of non-admitted applicants who attended traditional schools. Results from the school's first two years show positive effects of admission on computer science course-taking and attendance, but negative effects on several standardized test outcomes. Our study contributes to research examining the potential of schools designed for equity and centered on STEM, and underscores the importance of careful analytic approaches to evaluation.

摘要： This note scouts a broad but underexplored class of explanations found in contemporary computer science. These explanations, which I call limitative explanations, explain why certain problems cannot be solved computationally. Limitative explanations are philosophically rich, but have not received the attention they deserve. The primary goals of this note are to isolate limitative explanations and provide a preliminary account of what makes them explanatory. On the account I favor, limitative explanations are a kind of non-causal mathematical explanation which depend on highly idealized models of computation.

关键词： Teamwork   Education   Task analysis   Computer science   User interfaces   Usability   Mathematics   Experiential learning   interdisciplinary   professional practice   self assessment   teamwork skills  

摘要： Contribution: Prior studies on pedagogical methodologies to acquire soft skills have shown that developing collaborative tasks produces positive impact in students' abilities. In this article, a pedagogical approach based on interdisciplinary practice and realistic problems is proposed to improve students' teamwork skills. Background: Traditionally, soft skill acquisition has received scarce attention in high education curricula. Consequently, students finish their studies without having developed important competencies, such as communication, conflict resolution and teamwork *** Outcomes: Students who follow a realistic interdisciplinary approach improve both their soft and hard skills compared to students who follow a traditional collaborative pedagogical methodology. Through the approach proposed, students progress in completing tasks, participating in the team, collaborating in the organization, accepting agreements and taking into account the others' points of *** Design: The experience involved students from two different disciplines, prospective computer science engineers and preservice teachers. They worked together to design an educational application that required prospective engineers to apply Human-Computer Interaction fundamentals. A quasi-experimental study was performed using either knowledge tests or self-assessment pre-post-tests, both subsequently analyzed using quantitative ***: 1) the prospective CS engineers who followed the interdisciplinary realistic practice approach achieved better learning outcomes than those who did not;2) the educational context affects teamwork skill development;and 3) students improved their ability to work and participate in the team after the experience.

关键词： case study   computer science   coding   cross-curricular   middle-school   assessment   animated narrative  

摘要： Coding is increasingly popular in schools around the world and is often taught by non-specialist teachers as an integrated task with other subject areas. In this article, we explore the relationship between computer science (CS) concepts and students' multimodal expression in a coding animated narrative (CAN) task in the context of an integrated English-Technology unit of learning. Through this collective case study, we explore how CS concepts underpin semiotic elements of an animated narrative, analyse the factors that influence the extent to which students exercise those concepts, and reveal the tensions and opportunities that a CAN task may present for learning computer science concepts in regular, non-specialist, cross-curricular classrooms. The findings suggest that CAN tasks are unique in presenting opportunities for students to learn challenging CS concepts such as synchronisation and parallelism. At the same time, CAN tasks present tensions for teaching CS concepts in non-specialist classrooms, where student projects are often judged on their visual qualities. In such settings, procedural, rather than conceptual knowledge, may be a more efficient route to creative outcomes. It also means that drawing skills need to be prioritised. Role specialisation often led to better quality projects but at the expense of individual students' conceptual development in computer science.

关键词： Artificial intelligence   Ethics   Psychology   Computer science  

摘要： This article argues that existing approaches to programming ethical AI fail to resolve a serious moral-semantic trilemma, generating interpretations of ethical requirements that are either too semantically strict, too semantically flexible, or overly unpredictable. This paper then illustrates the trilemma utilizing a recently proposed 'general ethical dilemma analyzer,' GenEth. Finally, it uses empirical evidence to argue that human beings resolve the semantic trilemma using general cognitive and motivational processes involving 'mental time-travel,' whereby we simulate different possible pasts and futures. I demonstrate how mental time-travel psychology leads us to resolve the semantic trilemma through a six-step process of interpersonal negotiation and renegotiation, and then conclude by showing how comparative advantages in processing power would plausibly cause AI to use similar processes to solve the semantic trilemma more reliably than we do, leading AI to make better moral-semantic choices than humans do by our very own lights.

关键词： Quaternions   Mathematical models   Adaptation models   Convergence   Sun   Learning systems   Computer science   Complex representation   dynamic Sylvester quaternion matrix equation (DSQME)   finite-time convergence   zeroing neural network (ZNN)  

摘要： This article aims to studying how to solve dynamic Sylvester quaternion matrix equation (DSQME) using the neural dynamic method. In order to solve the DSQME, the complex representation method is first adopted to derive the equivalent dynamic Sylvester complex matrix equation (DSCME) from the DSQME. It is proven that the solution to the DSCME is the same as that of the DSQME in essence. Then, a state-of-the-art neural dynamic method is presented to generate a general dynamic-varying parameter zeroing neural network (DVPZNN) model with its global stability being guaranteed by the Lyapunov theory. Specifically, when the linear activation function is utilized in the DVPZNN model, the corresponding model [termed linear DVPZNN (LDVPZNN)] achieves finite-time convergence, and a time range is theoretically calculated. When the nonlinear power-sigmoid activation function is utilized in the DVPZNN model, the corresponding model [termed power-sigmoid DVPZNN (PSDVPZNN)] achieves the better convergence compared with the LDVPZNN model, which is proven in detail. Finally, three examples are presented to compare the solution performance of different neural models for the DSQME and the equivalent DSCME, and the results verify the correctness of the theories and the superiority of the proposed two DVPZNN models.