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关键词： Tagging   Long short term memory   Recurrent neural networks   Representation learning   Computer science   White spaces   Robustness   Noise measurement   Labeling   Context modeling   Attention mechanism   neural network   long short-term memory   representation learning   word segmentation  

摘要： Sindhi word segmentation is a challenging task due to space omission and insertion issues. The Sindhi language itself adds to this complexity. It's cursive and consists of characters with inherent joining and non-joining properties, independent of word boundaries. Existing Sindhi word segmentation methods rely on designing and combining hand-crafted features. However, these methods have limitations, such as difficulty handling out-of-vocabulary words, limited robustness for other languages, and inefficiency with large amounts of noisy or raw text. Neural network-based models, in contrast, can automatically capture word boundary information without requiring prior knowledge. In this paper, we propose a Subword-Guided Neural Word Segmenter (SGNWS) that addresses word segmentation as a sequence labeling task. The SGNWS model incorporates subword representation learning through a bidirectional long short-term memory encoder, position-aware self-attention, and a conditional random field. Our empirical results demonstrate that the SGNWS model achieves state-of-the-art performance in Sindhi word segmentation on six datasets.

关键词： Education   Programming profession   Training   Phase measurement   Sorting   Shape   Instruments   Computer science   computational thinking   primary education   secondary education   gender studies  

摘要： Emotions are essential drivers of the learning process, influencing motivation, performance, and problem-solving abilities. In the field of Computer Science, students often struggle with negative emotions during programming activities, impacting their performance and project quality. To address this challenge, there is a growing need to introduce Computational Thinking skills at the pre-university level. This study focuses on understanding the emotions experienced by primary and secondary school students during Computational Thinking activities, involving both plugged and unplugged tools. A significant performance difference was observed between primary and secondary education levels, with the latter outperforming the former. The research identifies specific associations between concepts and emotions, highlighting age-related differences with younger students exhibiting more positive emotions. While gender-based disparities in Computer Science perception exist in secondary education, there are no corresponding distinctions in emotional responses. The study reveals a gender-based effect, with girls showing reduced emotional responses and lower Computational Thinking performance than boys. In summary, this research underscores the profound role of emotions in learning, providing essential insights for tailoring educational strategies considering gender-specific and programming concept-related factors. It also connects lower emotional reactions to inferior results, emphasizing the importance of heightened emotional engagement.

ISBN: (纸本)9798350378542

ISBN: (纸本)9781760466459;9781760466466;1760466468

摘要： This study builds on a close examination of an archive of filesthat advised the Australian Commonwealth Executive on Papua NewGuineans found guilty of capital o...

关键词： Girls   STEM education   Technology   Young women   American education  

摘要： The national conversation about STEM education continues. While math and science have been a constant in K–12 and higher education, curriculum in technology and engineering have not been consistently part of the tapestry of American education. As such, there is a dearth of qualified candidates for the ever-growing number of computer science and engineering career opportunities. Prevailing stereotypes that depict the typical workforce in these industries as White and male contribute to the lack of representation of other groups. This study focused on the representation of girls and young women in computer science between the years of 2005– 2018. Data tracking on Advanced Placement (AP) computer science enrollment started in 2005, making this an optimal year to start data collection. The researcher ended collection of articles in 2018. Using 47 articles from one of the country’s newspapers with the highest readership and with wide-reaching influence, The New York Times, a variety of concepts were coded and analyzed in a mixed-method design. Overarching themes emerged and formed a narrative about girls and young women in computer science. Within the text of the articles, causes for the disparity and solutions were explored. There was little conversation about policy changes. Various stakeholders who influence education pathways can use the findings of this study to craft solutions to what The New York Times chronicled as a national crisis.

关键词： Blockchains   Security   Internet of Things   Smart contracts   Proof of Work   Reviews   Computer science   Data transfer   Information exchange   Privacy   Blockchain   data exchange   Internet of Things (IoT)   privacy   security  

摘要： Internet of Things (IoT) plays an essential contribution in connecting devices and enabling seamless data exchange, leading to increased efficiency and convenience. However, security concerns in IoT systems are significant, as compromised devices can lead to data breaches and privacy violations. Blockchain technology can enhance IoT security by providing decentralized consensus, immutability, and transparent transaction records, ensuring secure and trustworthy communication and data integrity. This review article gives a succinct but thorough understanding of blockchain technology, covering architecture of blockchain, working principles, types, applications, platforms, and its role in the IoT environment. The study highlights potential benefits of blockchain like enhanced security and privacy, and explores its integration with IoT. Additionally, the study discusses various real-world applications, examines blockchain platforms, and addresses the limitations and challenges associated with blockchain technology. This review serves as a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners seeking a deeper understanding of blockchain's potential and its implications in the IoT landscape.

关键词： IEEE Transactions   Use Of Data   Computer Science   Data Privacy   Cybersecurity   School Science   Differential Privacy   Department Of Computer Science   Privacy Aspects  

关键词： African American high schools   Brown v. Board of Education   culture   curriculum and instruction   Dunbar High School   environment   gifted and advanced students   leadership   relationships   Roosevelt High School   segregation   Sumner High School   Terrell High School  

摘要： This article describes the cultural characteristics of four elite African American high schools, initiated prior to Brown v. Board of Education, that produced outstanding graduates. Positive school culture characteristics examined were leadership, faculty, curriculum and instruction, student qualities, the environment, and internal and external relationships. The authors posed questions investigating how educators and alumni of Gary, Indiana’s Theodore Roosevelt High School viewed the characteristics of its culture and how the culture compared to other elite African American high schools in the extant literature. Using surveys, archival information, and the research literature, the authors collected information describing the high school’s distinctive features. Comparing the results of Roosevelt with the other exemplary high school cultures of Dunbar, Sumner, and Terrell, they reported these insights about their cultural characteristics: (a) high caliber and sustained leadership of individuals who cultivated positive school environments and created institutions that were a distinctive blend of school and community;(b) highly educated and qualified faculty members;(c) a rigorous and challenging curriculum emphasizing the preparation of students for higher education;(d) students who exhibited a strong sense of self-esteem, self-efficacy, and a rejection of the concept of inferiority;(e) a family-like environment that was welcoming, inclusive, and receptive to individuals from varied backgrounds that fostered a strong sense of pride and efficacy;and (f) a family climate experienced by internal and external stakeholders that created a sense of belonging and place. © The Author(s) 2023.

关键词： Algorithms   performance   computational experiments   computer science   guidelines   systematic mapping study   Algorithms   performance   computational experiments   computer science   guidelines   systematic mapping study  

摘要： Computational experiments have been important since the 70s to find solutions to problems using computers, and even more now with the advancement of technology, especially artificial intelligence. The aim of this study is to know the level of interest on the part of researchers toward computational experiments in Computer Science. To find out this information, a Systematic Mapping Study has been carried out in IEEE, DBLP, Scopus, ACM and Web of Science databases. A total of 226 papers were selected as primary studies and 22 types of measurements were found, it was determined that the three most used measurements in computational experiments are performance at 51.33%, efficiency at 15.49%, and effectiveness at 15.04%. A total of 25 frameworks used for the computational experiments were determined, however 74.3% of the reports did not specify any framework used, 11.5% used a custom framework and the rest used a specific framework. It is concluded that performance is the most important measurement in computational experiments and that it is necessary for researchers to rely on a framework so that these experiments can be replicated or refined.

关键词： Autonomous aerial vehicles   Ad hoc networks   Security   Trust management   Peer-to-peer computing   Reliability   Computer science   Energy management   Data processing   FANET   UAV   trust   protocol   energy  

摘要： An efficient data transmission can be established by flying ad hoc networks (FANETs) that emphasized the cooperation and coordination among various unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) as a crucial aspect. The FANET's security becomes a crucial area for exploration due to its limited resources. Earlier research on trust-based computation in ad-hoc environments has demonstrated that previous strategies are efficient at safeguarding ad-hoc environments against a wide range of attacks. So, to curb such circumstances, trust-based management systems can be considered the major need of the hour for calculating the reputation score within the network. Trust management systems are aimed at detecting untrustworthy network nodes and keeping track of all the activities being performed by the nodes, for trust score computation. This will aid in segregating the malicious node from the network. In this article, several types of trust mechanisms of FANET have been addressed thoroughly, and several types of trust mechanism calculations are clarified primarily with the major challenges that FANET is encountering in the context of its trust management design, open research problems and solutions are being incorporated with the existing FANET-based protocols.