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关键词： Neonatology   Health care   Medical research   Engineering   Biomedical engineering   Mathematics and computing   Computer science  

摘要： Neonatal Jaundice is a common occurrence in neonates. High excess bilirubin would lead to hyperbilirubinemia, leading to irreversible adverse damage such as kernicterus. Therefore, it is necessary and important to monitor neonates' bilirubin levels in real-time for immediate intervention. However, current screening protocols have their inherent limitations, necessitating more convenient measurements. In this proof-of-concept study, we evaluated the feasibility of using machine learning for the screening of hyperbilirubinemia in neonates from smartphone-acquired photographs. Different machine learning models were compared and evaluated to gain a better understanding of feature selection and model performance in bilirubin determination. An in vitro study was conducted with a bilirubin-containing tissue phantom to identify potential biological and environmental confounding factors. The findings of this study present a systematic characterization of the confounding effect of various factors through separate parametric tests. These tests uncover potential techniques in image pre-processing, highlighting important biological features (light scattering property and skin thickness) and external features (ISO, lighting conditions and white balance), which together contribute to robust model approaches for accurately determining bilirubin concentrations. By obtaining an accuracy of 0.848 in classification and 0.812 in regression, these findings indicate strong potential in aiding in the design of clinical studies using patient-derived images.

关键词： Environmental chemistry   Computer science  

摘要： Removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the air has been an important issue in many industrial fields. Traditionally, the operation of VOCs removal systems has relied on fixed operating conditions determined by domain experts based on their expertise and intuition. In practice, this manual operation cannot respond immediately to changes in the system environment. To facilitate the autonomous operation of the system, the operating conditions should be optimized properly in real time to adapt to the changes in the system environment. Recently, optimization frameworks have been widely applied to real-world industrial systems across various domains using different approaches. The primary motivation for this study is the effective implementation of an optimization framework targeting a VOCs removal system. In this paper, we present a data-driven autonomous operation method for optimizing the operating conditions of a VOCs removal system to enhance the overall performance. An optimization problem is formulated with the decision variables denoting the parameters associated with the operating condition, the environmental variables representing the measurements for the system environment, the constraints specifying the control ranges of the parameters, and the objective function representing the system performance as determined by the operating conditions and environment. Using the previous operation data from the system, a neural network is trained to model the system performance as a function of the decision and environmental variables to approximate the objective function. For the current state of the system environment, the optimal operating condition is derived by solving the optimization problem. A case study of a targeted VOCs removal system demonstrates that the proposed method effectively optimizes the operating conditions for improved system performance without intervention from domain experts.

关键词： Information theory and computation   Statistical physics   thermodynamics and nonlinear dynamics   Computer science  

摘要： Recently, the underlying mechanism for successful deep learning (DL) was presented based on a quantitative method that measures the quality of a single filter in each layer of a DL model, particularly VGG-16 trained on CIFAR-10. This method exemplifies that each filter identifies small clusters of possible output labels, with additional noise selected as labels outside the clusters. This feature is progressively sharpened with each layer, resulting in an enhanced signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), which leads to an increase in the accuracy of the DL network. In this study, this mechanism is verified for VGG-16 and EfficientNet-B0 trained on the CIFAR-100 and ImageNet datasets, and the main results are as follows. First, the accuracy and SNR progressively increase with the layers. Second, for a given deep architecture, the maximal error rate increases approximately linearly with the number of output labels. Third, similar trends were obtained for dataset labels in the range [3, 1000], thus supporting the universality of this mechanism. Understanding the performance of a single filter and its dominating features paves the way to highly dilute the deep architecture without affecting its overall accuracy, and this can be achieved by applying the filter's cluster connections (AFCC).

关键词： Predictive markers   Prognostic markers   Computer science  

摘要： Several scores predicting mortality at the emergency department have been developed. However, all with shortcomings either simple and applicable in a clinical setting, with poor performance, or advanced, with high performance, but clinically difficult to implement. This study aimed to explore if machine learning algorithms could predict all-cause short- and long-term mortality based on the routine blood test collected at admission. Methods: We analyzed data from a retrospective cohort study, including patients > 18 years admitted to the Emergency Department (ED) of Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Denmark between November 2013 and March 2017. The primary outcomes were 3-, 10-, 30-, and 365-day mortality after admission. PyCaret, an automated machine learning library, was used to evaluate the predictive performance of fifteen machine learning algorithms using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Results: Data from 48,841 admissions were analyzed, of these 34,190 (70%) were randomly divided into training data, and 14,651 (30%) were in test data. Eight machine learning algorithms achieved very good to excellent results of AUC on test data in a of range 0.85-0.93. In prediction of short-term mortality, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), leukocyte counts and differentials, Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were the best predictors, whereas prediction of long-term mortality was favored by age, LDH, soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR), albumin, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). Conclusion: The findings suggest that measures of biomarkers taken from one blood sample during admission to the ED can identify patients at high risk of short-and long-term mortality following emergency admissions.

关键词： Machine learning   Scientific community   Publishing   Computer science  

摘要： Large language models are transforming scientific writing and publishing. But the productivity boost that these tools bring could have a downside.

关键词： 人工智能   跨学科   计算机技术发展  

摘要： 随着社会、经济和文化的数字化转型,计算机科学技术将面临更为广泛且复杂的应用场景。这要求计算机系统能够更灵活地适应不断变化的需求,以推动创新,满足新兴行业和服务不断涌现的需求。人工智能不再仅仅是一个独立的技术领域,而是贯穿于各行各业的核心。计算机科学技术需要更深度、更广泛地融合人工智能,以解决更为复杂的问题,实现更高水平的智能化应用。这种深度融合不仅体现在算法的创新和优化上,还包括对大规模数据的智能化处理以及对新兴技术的迅速应用。跨学科合作将成为计算机科学技术发展的常态,与生物学、医学、社会科学等领域的合作,将为解决更为复杂的问题提供更全面的视角和创新性的解决方案。这种合作不仅加速了科技的发展,还为社会带来更为深远的影响。综合而言,新时代计算机科学技术的发展将在面对多样化的挑战的同时,迎接更广泛的机遇。通过适应性强、创新不断的发展,计算机科学技术将引领社会进入一个更加智能和跨学科的时代。

关键词： Project 101   curriculum design   education teaching improvement  

摘要： This article presents the progress of Project 101,an initiative starting from December 2021,to im-prove computer science curriculum and teaching in top Chinese universities,in order to meet the demand of computer science eduction in the new information *** 101 aims at improving classroom teaching,while focusing on the development of core courses,core textbooks,core practice platforms,as well as core faculty *** present an overview of the organization and plan of Project 101,as well as the current progress after two years’efforts from the working group of Project ***,we will also discuss tentative future plans aiming at improving computer science education in a large number of universities based on the current results.

关键词： 大学计算机   教学实践   思政元素   融合  

摘要： 本文深入探讨了“大学计算机”课程建设的思路,提出了重新定义教学目标、设计教学内容、优化教学环节等一系列构建措施,并将思政元素融入教学资源建设的各个环节。在提升教学效果的同时,潜移默化地帮助学生树立正确的价值观念,提升他们的综合素养。

关键词： Development trends   Computer science  

摘要： At the panel session of the 3rd Global Forum on the Development of Computer Science,attendees had an opportunity to deliberate recent issues affecting computer science departments as a result of the recent growth in the field.6 heads of university computer science departments participated in the discussions,including the moderator,Professor Andrew *** first issue was how universities are managing the growing number of applicants in addition to swelling class *** approaches were suggested,including increasing faculty hiring,implementing scalable teaching tools,and working closer with other departments through degree programs that integrate computer science with other *** second issue was about the position and role of computer science within broader *** generally agreed that all fields are increasingly relying on computer science techniques,and that effectively disseminating these techniques to others is a key to unlocking broader scientific progress.

关键词： Laboratory or department   University of Cambridge   Boundaries   Exploration and creativity  

摘要： In the very beginning,the Computer Laboratory of the University of Cambridge was founded to provide computing service for different disciplines across the *** computer science developed as a discipline in its own right,boundaries necessarily arose between it and other disciplines,in a way that is now often detrimental to ***,it is necessary to reinvigorate the relationship between computer science and other academic disciplines and celebrate exploration and creativity in *** do this,the structures of the academic department have to act as supporting scaffolding rather than *** examples are given that show the efforts being made at the University of Cambridge to approach this problem.