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关键词： Middle school students   Apps   Community   Culturally responsive pedagogy   Attitudes  

摘要： This study examined student learning outcomes from a middle school computer science (CS) curriculum developed through a researcher and practitioner partnership (RPP) project. The curriculum is based on students creating mobile apps that serve community and social good. We collected two sets of data from 294 students in three urban districts: (1) pre- and post-survey responses on their learning experiences and attitudes toward learning CS and creating community-serving apps;(2) the apps created by those students. The analysis of student apps indicated that students were able to create basic apps that connected with their personal interests, life experiences, school community, and the larger society. Students were significantly more confident in coding and creating community-focused apps after completing the course, regardless of gender, race/ethnicity, and grade. However, their interest in solving coding problems and continuing to learn CS decreased afterward. Analyses of students' attitudes by gender, grade, and race/ethnicity showed significant differences among students in some groups. Seventh-grade students rated more positive on their attitudes than eighth graders. Students identifying with different race/ethnicity groups indicated significantly different attitudes, especially students identifying as Southeast Asian, Black/African American, and Hispanic/Latino. Self-identified male students also reported stronger interest and more positive attitudes overall than self-identified female students. Students also reported positive experiences in learning how to create real apps serving their community, while there were disparities in their experiences with coding in general and some of the instructional tools used in the class.

关键词： Service learning   experiential learning   authentic learning  

摘要： Service learning, a high-impact pedagogy, involves integrating academic outcomes with service to the community. The success of service learning experiences depends on the development of mutually reciprocal relationships between students, instructors, and community partners, ensuring equitable benefits for all stakeholders. To explore how relationship-building and growth are supported in computer and information science (CIS) service learning, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 13 informants-each a faculty, student, or community partner who participated in one of five computer or information science service learning courses. Our analysis identified three factors that were most crucial in supporting the formation of relationships among stakeholders: infrastructuring the relationship, valuing technical and other expertise equitably, and integrating soft skills and technical skills. Based on these findings, we discuss how growth, an important outcome of relationship-building and equitable service learning experiences, can be supported and assessed in CIS service learning experiences.

关键词： Abstraction skill   Computational thinking skill   Computer science   Computer science unplugged  

摘要： Since computational thinking is a high-level cognitive skill and its conceptual framework has not yet been clarified, the assessment of this skill is problematic. While there is no consensus in the literature about the components of computational thinking, the abstraction component is located at a point where opinions intersect. In addition, it is predicted that computer science unplugged activities will improve computational thinking, and there is limited research examining this effect. As a result, this research aims to demonstrate the alleged effects of computer science unplugged activities on abstraction skill which is considered the critical component of computational thinking. The study, which was planned with a mixed methods research design, lasted 8 weeks. Quantitative data were obtained from the abstraction skill test developed by the researchers, while qualitative data were obtained from observations and task- based interviews after each activity. Quantitative findings showed that computer science unplugged activities significantly improve abstraction skills and thus computational thinking. Qualitative findings not only revealed that developments in the six abstracting steps caused this significant difference but also identified abstracting steps where the effect of each activity was limited. Suggestions for organizing activities to improve these steps are given. Finally, suggestions are presented for the conceptual framework of computational thinking based on abstraction.

关键词： Sensors   Assistive technologies   Gesture recognition   Libraries   Semantics   Computer science   Urban areas   Mobile computing   sign language translation   wearable sensing  

摘要： This paper addresses a significant problem in American Sign Language (ASL) translation systems that has been overlooked. Current designs collect excessive sensing data for each word and treat every sentence as new, requiring the collection of sensing data from scratch. This approach is time-consuming, taking hours to half a day to complete the data collection process for each user. As a result, it creates an unnecessary burden on end-users and hinders the widespread adoption of ASL systems. In this study, we identify the root cause of this issue and propose GASLA-a wearable sensor-based solution that automatically generates sentence-level sensing data from word-level data. An acceleration approach is further proposed to optimize the data generation speed. Moreover, due to the gap between the generated sentence data and directly collected sentence data, a template strategy is proposed to make the generated sentences more similar to the collected sentence. The generated data can be used to train ASL systems effectively while reducing overhead costs significantly. GASLA offers several benefits over current approaches: it reduces initial setup time and future new-sentence addition overhead;it requires only two samples per sentence compared to around ten samples in current systems;and it improves overall performance significantly.

关键词： Integrated computing   computational thinking   CS plus X   content analysis   curricula analysis   K-12 computer science education   primary school computer science education  

摘要： Integrated computing curricula combine learning objectives in computing with those in another discipline, like literacy, math, or science, to give all students experience with computing, typically before they must decide whether to take standalone CS courses. One goal of integrated computing curricula is to provide an accessible path to an introductory computing course by introducing computing concepts and practices in required courses. This study analyzed integrated computing curricula to determine which CS practices and concepts are taught, how extensively the curricula are taught, and, by extension, how they might prepare students for later computing courses. The authors conducted a content analysis to examine primary and lower secondary (i.e., K-8) curricula that are taught in non-CS classrooms, have explicit CS learning objectives (i.e., CS+X), and that took 5+ hours to complete. Lesson plans, descriptions, and resources were scored based on frameworks developed from the K-12 CS Framework, including programming concepts, non-programming CS concepts, and CS practices. The results found that curricula most extensively taught introductory concepts and practices, such as sequences, and rarely taught more advanced content, such as conditionals. Students who engage with most of these curricula would have no experience working with fundamental concepts, like variables, operators, data collection or storage, or abstraction in the context of a program. While this focus might be appropriate for integrated curricula, it has implications for the prior knowledge that students should be expected to have when starting standalone computing courses.

关键词： antioxidant activity   Gemlik natural table olive   irradiation   modified atmosphere packaging   phenolic content   starter culture   storage  

摘要： In this study, it was aimed to determine the effects of different production and preservation methods on the shelf life and quality of the Gemlik variety of natural black table olives produced with low salt (2%). For this purpose, olives were processed by the traditional Turkish style dry salted black olive by using a starter culture. The MAP (Modified atmosphere packaging, 60% N2 and 40% CO2), vacuum and for the first time gamma irradiation methods (1, 3 and 5 kGy) were applied in the preservation of table olives. The 5 kGy irradiation treatment reduced the total phenolic amount and DPPH antioxidant activity of olives more than other irradiation doses. The pH (4.3-4.83) and titratable acidity (0.68-1.02%) of the samples changed in accordance with the legal regulations during the storage period (pH max. 5 and acidity min 0.3%). At the end of the fermentation and storage, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity decreased significantly (p-value <0.05). During the storage period, the total phenolic content in natural fermented olives (without starter culture) decreased from 232 to 144 mgCAE/100 g and in starter culture added table olives from 200 to 138 mgCAE/100 g. In addition, the antioxidant activity was changed between 60.94 and 47.14 mu molTE/100 g oil. As a result of the study, it was ensured that black table olives produced with less salt (2%) could be stored on the shelves for 6 months without using any preservatives. In addition, radiation effect on quality was relatively similar to other treatments (vacuum and MAP).

关键词： Malware   Encryption   Monitoring   Electronic mail   Behavioral sciences   Computer science   ADS (Alternate Data Streams)   ransomware   file encryption   file encryption  

摘要： Ransomware attacks have become widespread in the last few years and have affected many critical industries and infrastructures. Unfortunately, there are no recovery tools that can effectively defend against all types of ransomware. Approaches, such as frequent data backups, have several drawbacks. They are expensive in terms of resources and trained technical staff. Therefore, it is much more challenging and cost-consuming for average users and small business owners to survive ransomware attacks. To provide an easy-to-use tool for a broader population of users and businesses, we propose a novel ransomware defense mechanism that can be conveniently deployed in modern Windows systems which have over 76% market share as of 2022. The uniqueness of our approach is to fight malware like malware. We leverage Alternate Data Streams, which are sometimes used by malicious applications, to design and implement a data protection method that misleads the ransomware into attacking only file "shells" instead of the actual file content. We have evaluated our approach against different cryptographic ransomware. The results show that our approach is usable, efficient, and effective.

摘要： The Chinese heroin generation is a unique yet less discussed group. Drawing upon life-history interviews with 18 former heroin drug dealers in an inland city in China, this article explores how the trajectories of the Chinese heroin generation were deeply embedded in and affected by macro social transitions, and how their collective trajectories configured the local illegal drug market. Influenced by the desire to break free from traditional constraints brought about by China's reform and opening-up, informants voluntarily left their legitimate work to pursue self-realization but eventually became lost in the rapid changes and turned to drug trafficking. During their involvement with heroin, they adhered to mainstream Chinese cultural norms: they entered the heroin market because of "face" and "fashion," and actively accumulated social, cultural, and criminal capital to operate their business. This article concludes that the heroin fad in China at the end of the last century is not so much a "moral crisis" as a reflection of the change in citizens' subjectivity and the unintended consequences of rapid economic development.

关键词： Latinas   Computer science   Undergraduate   Middle school   Counternarrative  

摘要： This study puts forth the counternarrative of the first author Gislaine, a first-generation undergraduate student, Latina, and computer science major. Gislaine participated in a research internship and STEM mentorship program led by the second author, Meredith. Through this program, Gislaine designed and taught CS lessons to predominantly low-income, African-American middle school students over an 8-day urban summer school program. By analyzing Gislaine's written account of her journey to CS, as well as planning documents and written reflections on her daily experiences mentoring youth, we explore how Gislaine's intersecting social identities shape her experiences both as a CS learner and as a mentor to youth. Gislaine's counternarrative illuminates the systems of oppression present in schools and the CS field, while also highlighting Gislaine's transformative approaches to mentoring students in CS. Gislaine's narratives emphasize the importance of humanizing CS and leveraging students' strengths to promote equitable access to CS education. Through her experiences, she underscores the significance of recognizing and addressing systemic barriers, while also advocating for inclusive and empowering educational practices.