教学课程资源库 更多>>

关键词： BIOETHICS   LEARNING & scholarship   PUBLIC health   RESEARCH   SCIENCE  

摘要： What is bioethics to do when it strives to assess the quality of its research and scholarship and when it needs to justify its work to prospective funders, especially a funder like the National Institutes of Health that privileges empirical discovery? In “A Conceptual Model for the Translation of Bioethics Research and Scholarship,” Debra Mathews and colleagues take an important first step at advancing an answer. The authors describe what they call a translational process, whereby bioethics “outputs” are translated into changes of three types: in thinking, practice, and policy. It goes nearly without saying that bioethics research and scholarship must be held accountable for changes in thinking. What raison d’etre do we have if not to deepen thinking, question assumptions, and encourage ourselves and others to examine hard issues from novel approaches? Assuredly it is hard to assess quality, and even harder to assess specific changes in thinking for which high-quality scholarship may be responsible, but it is a necessary goal and one for which we should strive without reservation. Bioethics should also affect policy and practice. We should document how it does and the extent to which it does as often and as prominently as possible. However, let us be wary of pinning too much on practice and policy changes as the primary way of establishing bioethics’ worth.

关键词： BIOETHICS   GOAL (Psychology)   LEARNING & scholarship   MATHEMATICAL models   THEORY  

摘要： The authors of “A Conceptual Model for the Translation of Bioethics Research and Scholarship” argue that bioethics must respond to institutional pressures by demonstrating that it is having an impact in the world. Any impact, the authors observe, must be “informed” by the goals of the discipline of bioethics. The concept of bioethics as a discipline is central to their argument. They begin by citing an essay that Daniel Callahan wrote in the first issue of Hastings Center Studies. Callahan argued in this 1973 piece that bioethics had yet to attain the status of a discipline, and he lauded the freedom of being able to define a new discipline. Callahan’s essay shares with Mathews and colleague’s a peculiarity: neither ever defines what it means to refer to something as a “discipline.” To define a discipline does mean attending to the intended end product of scholarly activity, so I concur with Mathews et al.’s focus on outcomes. But I am concerned that in their argument they confusingly entangle their understanding of an academic discipline’s internal goals, its telos, with its potential to have an impact on the external world, its praxis. The confusion that this can bring exposes what I believe is a profound problem within bioethics, the discipline’s peculiar and at times intellectually hazardous relationship with its institutional hosts.

关键词： non-epileptic seizures   psychogenic seizures   PNES   bioethics  

摘要： BACKGROUND: The diagnosis and management of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) is often challenging and fraught with discord and disagreement between patients, parents, and physicians. Furthermore, there are ethical challenges when making the diagnosis, communicating this information, and instituting management. METHODS: We reviewed the current body of knowledge regarding the characteristic differences between epileptic seizures and PNES, and the high incidence of psychiatric comorbidities. An ethical analysis was made of diagnosis and management based on ethical principles, virtue ethics, and the social contract that health professionals have with patients. RESULTS: Key distinctions between PNES and epilepsy lie in both patient and seizure characteristics. Long duration, eye closure, asynchronous movements, frequent recurrence in the same context, intra-ictal awareness, and lack of post ictal state are useful in helping establish the diagnosis. Psychiatric comorbidities, history of abuse, cognitive impairment, and multiple non specific somatic complaints are some salient patient features that should increase suspicion for the diagnosis of PNES. However, definitive diagnosis rests on capturing the events on video EEG. CONCLUSION: Effective diagnosis and management of PNES requires the use of video EEG and an early collaborative approach between pediatricians, neurologists, psychiatrists, nursing staff, and other professional colleagues. Ethical questions that may arise should be addressed with the virtues of competence, courage, compassion, prudence, and honesty;and the principles of respect beneficence, and the avoidance of unnecessary harm.

关键词： 基因工程   蛋白质工程   细胞工程   微生物工程   酶工程   医学应用  

摘要： 现代生物技术迅猛发展,在生物领域和医学领域的应用越来越广泛。本文通过对现代生物技术相关文献资料的查询和整理,主要介绍现代生物技术五大分支及其在医学领域的应用,为现代生物技术在医学领域的深入研究提供更多的理论参照。

关键词： 胚胎干细胞   Nanog   休眠细胞   抗衰老   成体干细胞   肌动蛋白纤维   全能性   转录因子   骨质疏松   血清反应  

摘要： Nanog是在胚胎干细胞内发现的一种转录因子,它在维持胚胎干细胞全能性中起着重要作用。近期Mistriotis等的一项研究表明,Nanog基因可以通过恢复肌动蛋白纤维组织及血清反应因子(serum response factor,SRF)依赖的基因表达来逆转衰老的成体干细胞(adult stem cells)的成肌分化潜能。将该基因导入休眠细胞是预防骨质疏松、动脉堵塞等衰老相关疾病的关键,

关键词： 狂犬病毒   单链抗体   糖蛋白   表位  

摘要： 为获得针对狂犬病毒糖蛋白Ⅲ号表位的人源单抗,本研究采用噬菌体展示平台,对一株狂犬病毒糖蛋白Ⅲ号抗原表位的人源单抗CR4098采用链置换法进行改造。以CR4098单链抗体为骨架,从狂犬疫苗接种者外周血分离淋巴细胞,提核酸逆转录,PCR扩增抗体轻链可变区基因,替换CR4098的轻链基因,构建轻链置换文库。经纯化狂犬病毒aG株富集筛选,以上述筛选出的轻链阳性克隆为骨架,构建重链置换抗体库,富集筛选后通过ELISA和IFA鉴定阳性抗体克隆并进行序列测定。利用IgG表达载体VH/VK双质粒系统瞬时转染293T细胞实现IgG抗体的分泌型表达,通过亲和力测定和中和试验鉴定IgG抗体功能。结果显示,通过轻链置换,我们获得14株抗狂犬病毒scFv抗体,通过ELISA、IFA、亲和力测定及中和试验确定人源抗体RV3A5特异性结合狂犬病毒糖蛋白,对狂犬病毒CVS株和aG株均具有良好的中和活性,亲和力达到2.8×10-9 M。通过竞争ELISA对抗体结合表位进行鉴定,结果表明RV3A5特异性识别糖蛋白Ⅲ号抗原表位。通过链置换法成功获得1株全新的针对狂犬病毒糖蛋白Ⅲ号表位的高亲和力人源中和抗体,为狂犬病毒抗体制剂鸡尾酒治疗奠定了基础。

关键词： MMP3   ES   慢病毒载体   纤维化  

摘要： [目的]构建基质金属蛋白酶3(Matrix metalloproteinase3,MMP3)基因过表达慢病毒载体,修饰胚胎干细胞(ES)检测其对成纤维细胞的作用。[方法]克隆MMP3基因,构建EGFP标记的MMP3慢病毒表达载体,用GP2-293T细胞包装慢病毒,修饰ES细胞,与成纤维细胞3T3共培养。镜下观察绿色荧光蛋白表达,Western Blot检测MMP3和TGF-β蛋白表达。[结果]成功钓取MMP3基因,并构建慢病毒表达载体LV-MMP3-EGFP;在转染的GP2-293T细胞中表达绿色荧光蛋白;修饰后的ES细胞表达绿色荧光蛋白,72 h蛋白表达量最高,转染效率达到80%以上;被修饰细胞中MMP3蛋白表达高于对照组,其表达量是对照组的1.5倍;共培养后3T3细胞中TGF-β蛋白表达实验组与对照组无显著变化。[结论]LV-MMP3-EGFP修饰的ES细胞能够大量表达MMP3蛋白,作用于细胞外基质,但是对成纤维细胞中TGF-β表达没有显著影响(P>0.05)。