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关键词： 人类干细胞   化学性   基因   编程   OCT4   多能干细胞   胚胎干细胞   研究人员  

摘要： 据Hawkins KE 2017年2月1日[Mol Ther,2017,25（2）：427-442.]报道,英国伦敦大学学院和德国海涅大学的研究人员通过研究鉴别出了特殊的基因,该基因或能将人类的羊膜干细胞化学性地重编程为类似胚胎干细胞的多能干细胞。该研究对于开发用于储存及疗法开发的重编程细胞非常关键。

关键词： 人类胚胎干细胞   专利适格性   专利法修改  

摘要： 人类胚胎干细胞技术的研究涉及基本伦理道德,同时也具有巨大的医疗价值,其专利适格性历来备受争议,欧美和中国对此规定有较大不同。近年来,三者的立法和实践发生了明显变化,具体表现在对"人类胚胎"概念界定、人类胚胎的获得和使用方式三个方面。当前,中国干细胞产业亟待发展,但现有立法对人类胚胎干细胞技术的专利适格性限制过于严苛,建议把"人类胚胎"概念限定在拥有发育成人的内在能力的胚胎范围内;把破坏人类胚胎作为认定工业或商业目的的应用的前提,把以诊断或治疗为目的并对胚胎有益处的发明创造排除在"破坏"胚胎的范围。

关键词： bioethics   bioterrorism   bioterrorism argument   catastrophic risk   existential risk   recycling of arguments   slippery slope   synthetic biology  

摘要： This article analyzes a specter that has haunted bioethics almost since its inception, namely the specter of the misuse of biotechnology by maleficent agents bent on mass destruction, or the complete eradication of human kind and life as we know it. The article provides a general account of why bioethicists cry "catastrophic bioterrorism potential" when new biotechnologies emerge, and an analysis of the arguments that flow from the prediction, especially in relation to synthetic biology.

关键词： bioethics   clinical ethics   stem cells  

摘要： The clinical applications of stem cells pose a multitude of problems, including safety, efficacy, information and consent, the right to unproven treatments, the "right to try", costs, access, sustainability, scientific scrupulousness, patents and regulatory aspects, to name but a few. This article does not address individual issues, but rather introduces and discusses some of the possible approaches to solving the problems. The first part compares the consequentialist and deontological approaches, offering an overview of "top-down" and "bottom-up" models and proposing the principles of personalism as applied in clinical settings. The second part of the article suggests practical frameworks for organising the ethical issues, focusing in particular on the medical indications, patient preferences, quality of life, and contextual features.

关键词： medical students   bioethics   learning activities   documentary   log book   games  

摘要： This article describes the components of a unique 9 month required course in bioethics for 3rd year medical students at the American University of Beirut. The blended (hybrid) learning format emphasizes three innovative learning activities: the bioethics documentary, edutainment games, and the bioethics log book. Sample student responses are included as well as an outline of limitations.

关键词： bioethics curricula   biomedical informatics   health information technology   medical education  

摘要： Health information technology, sometimes called biomedical informatics, is the use of computers and networks in the health professions. This technology has become widespread, from electronic health records to decision support tools to patient access through personal health records. These computational and information-based tools have engendered their own ethics literature and now present an opportunity to shape the standard medical and nursing ethics curricula. It is suggested that each of four core components in the professional education of clinicians-privacy, end-of-life care, access to healthcare and valid consent, and clinician-patient communication-offers an opportunity to leverage health information technology for curricular improvement. Using informatics in ethics education freshens ethics pedagogy and increases its utility, and does so without additional demands on overburdened curricula.

关键词： 基因工程  

ISBN: (纸本)7213079757

摘要： 《上帝的手术刀(基因编辑简史)/生命科学书系》作者王立铭在书中回顾了100年来科学家如何孜孜以求遗传秘密的故事，介绍了目前主流的基因编辑技术的发展历史，展望了这一技术的前景，以及在伦理和道德上的思考。

关键词： African ethics   African metaethics   Impartiality   Intuitions   Moral epistemology   Justice  

摘要： African ethical theories tend to hold that moral agents ought to be partial, in the sense that they should favour members of their family or close community. This is considered an advantage over the impartiality of many Western moral theories, which are regarded as having counterintuitive implications, such as the idea that it is unethical to save a family member before a stranger. The partiality of African ethics is thought to be particularly valuable in the context of bioethics. Thaddeus Metz, in particular, argues that his African-derived theory best accounts for a number of plausible intuitions, such as the intuition that health care practitioners ought to be biased towards the patients for whom they are directly responsible. In this article, I claim that the plausible intuitions drawn on in favour of partiality can be satisfactorily explained on the basis of impartial moral theories. Moreover, I argue that blanket acceptance of partiality has problematic consequences for distributive justice in resource allocation in biomedical contexts. By contrast, impartial theories can justify plausible instances of partiality whilst avoiding the pitfalls of fully partial moral theories. Although this provides grounds for abandoning partiality in principle, I claim that this finding should not be seen as damaging to African medical ethics. Instead, it prompts investigation of underexplored possibilities of impartial African moral theories. To demonstrate the value of this direction, I sketch some novel and attractive conceptions that combine impartiality with elements of African ethics.

关键词： African bioethics   Principlism   common morality   conceptual bioethics   empirical research bioethics   communitarianism   ethno-philosophy  

摘要： In the current debate on the future of bioethics in Africa, several authors have argued for a distinct communitarian African bioethics that can counter the dominancy of Western atomistic principlism in contemporary bioethics. In this article I examine this rather contentious argument and evaluate its validity and viability. Firstly, I trace the contextual origins of contemporary bioethics and highlight the rise and dominance of principlism. I particularly note that principlism was premised on a content-thin notion of the common morality that is in need of enrichment. I also contend that bioethics is essentially two-dimensional, being both conceptual and empirical, and indicate the lag in Africa with regard to conceptual bioethics. I then appeal for authentic engagement by 1) African health care professionals, 2) African health care training institutions, 3) Africa's bioethics development partners, and 4) African bioethicists and philosophers, towards addressing this critical lag. I underline the need to maintain the essential universality of bioethics as a discipline. I particularly argue against the pursuit of a distinct African bioethics, as it appears to be rooted in sterile African ethno-philosophy. Rather, African bioethicists and philosophers would do well to elucidate the universalisability of insights from traditional African thought, for the benefit of bioethics as a whole. Thus we must engage beyond the sterility of a distinct African bioethics authentically reflecting on the essentially universal contemporary bioethical concerns -to effectively articulate a viable trajectory for bioethics in Africa.