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关键词： 胚胎干细胞   干细胞移植   动物实验  

摘要： 目的将人胚胎干细胞诱导分化成的肾前体细胞移植入小鼠模型,探讨其对慢性肾衰所致肾功能恢复的能力。方法将人胚胎干细胞诱导分化成的肾前体细胞移植入慢性肾功能衰竭小鼠体内1、7、15 d后,检测小鼠的相关肾功能指标以客观反映肾功能恢复情况。结果将人胚胎干细胞来源的肾前细胞移植入肾衰小鼠模型后,肾功能生化指标与模型组相比,差别有统计学意义(P<0.05),肾功能得到明显改善。结论人胚胎干细胞移植入小鼠体内后参与受体肾组织的再生,对慢性肾衰竭起到明显的抑制及延缓作用。

关键词： 果蔬保鲜   拮抗菌   基因工程   酶工程  

摘要： 在果蔬保鲜中应用生物技术,有污染小、成本低等优点,相比传统的保鲜技术有较大优势。本文主要讨论了几种常见的生物保鲜技术:一是拮抗菌保鲜技术,介绍了其保鲜作用原理以及在果蔬保鲜中的应用;二是基因工程保鲜技术,主要从减少乙烯合成、控制细胞壁降解酶的活性两个方面进行了阐述;三是酶工程保鲜技术,主要介绍了酶制剂在果蔬保鲜中的应用。

关键词： 复合性状转基因作物   安全评价   检测   溯源  

摘要： 随着农业育种水平的进步与发展,现有的单一性状转基因作物已经不能满足农业的需求,聚合多种优良性状的复合性状转基因作物已成为转基因作物发展的趋势。在总结和整理国内外研究文献的基础上,阐述了复合性状转基因作物的检测方法。基于蛋白质的检测技术,包括免疫试纸检测技术和ELISA检测技术。基于核酸的检测技术,包括PCR检测技术、基因芯片技术、等温扩增技术和第二代测序技术。除此之外,还阐述了转基因作物及产品的溯源技术。综述结果表明,转基因检测技术逐渐向高通量、高准确度和高灵敏度方向发展,同时一些新的检测技术也开始出现并发展;构建溯源系统需要将计算机技术与信息技术相结合;为了综合多种技术的优点,溯源系统的开发势必需要将多种信息技术结合起来使用。

关键词： ST酿酒酵母基因工程菌   末端限制性片段长度多态性   实时荧光定量PCR   pH值   肠道菌群  

摘要： 为了研究ST酿酒酵母基因工程菌对大鼠肠道菌群的影响,试验将90只SPF级SD大鼠随机分为空白对照组、工程菌组及酵母菌组,分别灌服生理盐水、工程菌菌液、酿酒酵母菌菌液,持续21 d后连续3 d灌服大肠杆菌H10407菌液,分别收集灌胃7,14,21天及攻毒后的各组大鼠粪便,提取粪便细菌DNA,利用末端限制性片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)、实时荧光定量PCR检测了ST酿酒酵母基因工程菌对肠道菌群微生物可操作单元(OTU)和肠道5种重要细菌(类杆菌、梭菌、肠球菌、双歧杆菌和乳杆菌)数量的变化,并测定了肠道菌群pH值。结果表明:在灌胃期间,工程菌组及酵母菌组的OTU值和双歧杆菌、梭菌数量极显著高于空白对照组(P<0.01),其他细菌数量均不同程度升高。各组pH值均呈现下降趋势,第21天时,工程菌组及酵母菌组pH值极显著低于空白对照组(P<0.01)。攻毒产肠毒素大肠杆菌后,工程菌OTU值和类杆菌、乳杆菌、双歧杆菌数量均极显著高于其他两组(P<0.01),pH值极显著高于空白对照组(P<0.01)。与灌服前相比,工程菌组的OTU值、细菌数量及pH值均变化幅度最小。说明ST酿酒酵母基因工程菌能够改善肠道菌群结构,丰富肠道菌群多态性,降低pH值,增加有益菌群的数量。当动物机体受到产肠毒素大肠杆菌感染时,ST酿酒酵母基因工程菌能够有效降低产肠毒素大肠杆菌对肠道菌群的破坏,发挥预防保护作用,维持肠道内菌群稳定。

关键词： 胚胎干细胞来源   临床研究   备案   年龄相关性黄斑变性   食品药品监督管理   视网膜色素上皮   体细胞治疗   附属医院  

摘要： 日前，国家卫生计生委和国家食品药品监督管理总局首批备案的干细胞临床研究项目“人胚胎干细胞来源的神经前体细胞治疗帕金森病”和“人胚胎干细胞来源的视网膜色素上皮细胞治疗干性年龄相关性黄斑变性”在郑州大学第一附属医院正式启动。

关键词： 材料技术   专项规划   科技创新   人才队伍建设   产业升级   电子材料   支撑平台   基因工程  

摘要： 4月26日，科技部发布《“十三五”材料领域科技创新专项规划》（国科发高[2017]92号，以下简称《规划》）。《规划》提到，“十三五”期间，将重点发展基础材料技术提升与产业升级、战略性先进电子材料、材料基因工程关键技术与支撑平台、纳米材料与器件、先进结构与复合材料、新型功能与智能材料、材料人才队伍建设。

关键词： PUBLIC administration   BIOETHICS   BIOTECHNOLOGY   GOAL (Psychology)   MEDICAL policy   MEDICAL research  

摘要： Comparative assessments of national bioethics commissions in the United States commonly look at the differences among these groups over their forty-year history. A particular focus has been differences in the membership, mission, methods, and reports of the President’s Council on Bioethics, which was active from 2001 until 2009, compared to those of its predecessors and the recent Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues, active from 2009 until 2016. The differences are real, but disproportionate attention to them can obscure the substantial similarities in commissions’ structure and function throughout the history of expert bioethics advice to government. As the Trump administration considers what role, if any, a bioethics commission will play in its work, it would be well served to consider how choices regarding the design of such a group and the topics it examines can best facilitate the unique contributions it can make to the government and to the country.(© 2017 The Hastings Center.)

关键词： BIOETHICS   COMMITTEES   TEACHING aids & devices  

摘要： As has become tradition, executive directors of United States’ presidential bioethics committees offer reflections about their experience shortly after the orderly shutdown of the commission staff. After the records are filed according to government records regulations; after all the staff members, who are hired into temporary positions that must be renewed every two years, have secured permanent employment; after preparations are made to ensure that the next commission staff (should there be one) has a budget and standard operating procedures in order to begin its work in a timely manner; after the lights are turned out for the last time, the executive director makes the final climb up the stairs into the sunlight and reflects on the whirlwind. There is much about my work with the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues that deserves comment, but one aspect of the commission that has been especially valuable to me is its work to educate the nation on bioethical issues. This is, moreover, a contribution in which the commission staff was central, and it is one that, as an ethics educator myself, I will cherish deeply.(© 2017 The Hastings Center.)

关键词： PUBLIC administration   BIOETHICS   GOAL (Psychology)   INTERNATIONAL relations   NOMADS  

摘要： The establishment of Mexico’s National Bioethics Commission (Comisión Nacional de Bioética), in 1992, was conceived within the context of a global movement aimed at raising awareness of the ethical implications of technological and scientific development, especially in biomedicine. In 2005, a new decree put the commission under the scope of the Secretariat of Health and granted it technical and operational autonomy, allowing it to become a regulatory agency aimed at promoting a culture of bioethics, encouraging reflection on human health, and developing guidelines for health care, research, and education, through a global, secular, and democratic perspective. The commission became the leading actor in the strategy for institutionalizing bioethics in Mexico after reforms to the country’s General Health Act in 2011, which required that public, social assistance, or private health care facilities establish a hospital bioethics committee to address bioethical dilemmas or issues and, when relevant, a research ethics committee to address research with human subjects. This assignment has shifted the focus of the activities and goals of the National Bioethics Commission toward establishing these committees in line with current regulations and developing mechanisms to ensure that they operate with the highest standards of ethical conduct, performance, and accountability.(© 2017 The Hastings Center.)

关键词： PUBLIC administration   BIOETHICS   BIOTECHNOLOGY   DECISION making   MANAGEMENT   REPORT writing  

摘要： Shortly after the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues was constituted in 2010 and days before the commission members were to join a conference call to discuss possible topics for their deliberation, Craig Venter held a press conference announcing that his lab had created a synthetic chromosome for a species of mycoplasma and had inserted this genetic material into organisms of another species of mycoplasma (the genes of which had been deactivated), transforming the host species into the donor species. While not overtly claiming to have "created life in the test tube," Venter’s publicity seemed cleverly designed to provoke the media into reporting his discovery in just that way. The resulting uproar caused President Obama to give his new bioethics commission the assignment of investigating the ethics of the emerging field of synthetic biology. The commission went right to work. It formed working groups to deliberate about parts of the report, feeding ideas and language to the staff members who would do the actual writing, and then present the working group suggestions to the commission as a whole for public deliberation at open meetings. One of those working groups was charged with coming up with ethical principles that would guide the analysis. Having served as a member of that working group, I report here on the process by which these principles emerged and reflect upon the suitability of that process for the work of public bioethics commissions.(© 2017 The Hastings Center.)