教学课程资源库 更多>>

关键词： 斯坦福大学   基因工程   癌细胞   治疗   医学实验室   制造   免疫系统   技术员  

摘要： 在斯坦福大学刚成立的细胞与基因医学实验室的．“无尘室”里，实验室技术员看管着大量生产基因工程细胞的机器。这种细胞能够攻击癌细胞、治疗血液疾病、修补心脏、调节免疫系统、皮肤移植，并且创造尚待发现的治疗领域。

关键词： 双黄连   胚胎毒性   胎盘屏障   胚胎干细胞  

摘要： 目的联合应用人胎盘屏障体外模型和胚胎干细胞(ES)实验模型,评价双黄连的胚胎毒性。方法利用胎盘组织薄片培养技术与尤斯(Ussing)扩散池实验相结合建立人胎盘屏障体外模型。于胎盘屏障母体侧给予双黄连0.2,0.4,0.8,1.6,3.2,6.4和12.8 g·L^(-1),于药后60 min分别取母体侧和胎儿侧培养液作为含药上清,与ES(D3系)和BALB/c小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞(3T3)共培养10 d,MTT法检测细胞存活率,分别计算两侧含药上清抑制ES和3T3细胞存活的IC50。利用悬滴-悬浮-贴壁方法,体外培养ES向心肌细胞分化,实时定量PCR检测心肌细胞特异基因肌球蛋白重链基因β(β-MHC)的表达,表示ES向心肌细胞的分化率,分别计算抑制ES细胞分化的IC50。根据胚胎毒性评价标准,预测双黄连的胚胎毒性。结果胎盘屏障母体侧双黄连抑制3T3细胞存活及ES细胞存活和分化的IC50分别为1.97,0.84和0.48 g·L^(-1);根据胚胎毒性评价标准判定,双黄连在母体侧具有弱胚胎毒性。胎盘屏障胎儿侧双黄连抑制3T3细胞存活及ES细胞存活和分化的IC50分别为3.19,2.57和0.95 g·L^(-1);根据胚胎毒性评价标准判定,双黄连透过胎盘屏障后,在胎儿侧无胚胎毒性。结论母体侧给予所测试浓度范围内的双黄连透过胎盘屏障后,无明显胚胎毒性。以透过胎盘屏障的含药上清作为受试物检测药物的胚胎毒性,对于评价妊娠期用药的安全性更具有科学性,对临床合理用药具有参考价值。

关键词： 脊髓损伤   脊髓损伤模型   细胞移植   胚胎干细胞   神经干细胞   人脐带血干细胞   骨髓间充质干细   胞   脂肪来源干细胞  

摘要： 脊髓损伤(Spina cord injury,SCI)是脊柱损伤最严重的并发症,是一种严重的神经系统功能障碍性疾病,损伤后会导致损伤节段以下肢体发生严重的功能障碍,最典型的表现为损伤部位以下瘫痪,这不仅会给损伤患者本人带来身体与心理上的严重伤害,还会对家庭以及社会造成巨大的经济负担。然而,目前对于脊髓损伤的研究仍然存在着很多问题,文章总结了近年来有关脊髓损伤动物模型的研究进展,并对于利用干细胞移植治疗脊髓损伤的方法进行综述。

关键词： 心肌细胞   细胞分化   人胚胎干细胞   5-氮胞苷   碱性成纤维生长因子  

摘要： 目的探讨5-氮胞苷(5-azacytidine,5-aza)联合碱性成纤维生长因子(basic fibroblast growth factor,b FGF)体外诱导人胚胎干细胞(human embryonic stem cells,h ESCs)定向分化为心肌样细胞的可行性。方法采用小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞(mouse embryonic fibroblasts,MEF)作为饲养层细胞体外培养h ESCs,经悬浮培养形成拟胚体(embryoid bodies,EB),贴壁后分为无诱导剂组(对照组)、5-aza诱导组、b FGF诱导组、5-aza+b FGF联合诱导组4组诱导培养。诱导时间为2周。倒置相差显微镜下连续动态观察细胞形态学变化,并计算各组出现自发搏动的EB,以定量聚合酶链反应检测心肌细胞特异性基因NKX2.5、GATA4、α-actin,免疫荧光法检测心肌特异性肌钙蛋白T(cardiac troponin T,c Tn T)。结果 EB克隆贴壁诱导3~4 d后部分细胞出现自发性节律性搏动,以5-aza+b FGF联合诱导组为著。14 d后定量聚合酶链反应检测示5-aza+b FGF联合诱导组NKX2.5、GATA4、α-actin表达显著高于其他3组(P<0.05)。免疫荧光法示5-aza+b FGF联合诱导组c Tn T的表达最为明显(P<0.05)。结论 h ESCs在体外经5-aza+b FGF联合诱导后可定向心肌细胞分化,该诱导方案为心肌再生与组织工程领域的研究奠定了基础。

关键词： 转基因作物治理   倡议联盟框架理论   联盟冲突   政策学习   修辞网络  

摘要： 转基因作物治理中的联盟冲突及联盟间由于政策互动引发的政策学习对于规范转基因作物治理,促进转基因作物在全球范围内的推广和消除贸易摩擦具有重要意义。主权国家是构建转基因作物治理机制的主要参与者。由于科学原则、利益诉求以及伦理认知的不同,全球范围内形成"挺转联盟"与"反转联盟"的对立,两大联盟的冲突与妥协,打破了政策僵局,助推以政策为导向的学习。主权国家之间因人类"共同福祉"和利益趋同,必须对转基因作物立法、监管与审批,国际协议的承诺做出选择,建立履约与合作机制;国际组织在转基因作物治理中密切互动、协调约束,建立协调与反馈机制;科学共同体、新闻媒体以及公众积极参与、传播宣传、监督反馈,建立认知与传播机制。

关键词： 辅助生殖技术   生殖障碍   子宫内膜   胚胎干细胞   衍生技术   胚胎着床   遗传学诊断   宫内环境   染色体异常   不孕不育  

摘要： 生育障碍影响我国数千万对夫妇,传统辅助生殖技术已经不能满足不断增加的需求。不孕症人数逐年升高,同时生殖障碍性疾病种类呈现多样性,诱发生殖障碍性疾病的因素日趋复杂,因肿瘤等疾病行生育力保存的人数日益增加。自1978年世界第一例试管婴儿诞生以来,至今辅助生殖技术已经发展为多项衍生技术并有超过600万的试管婴儿诞生。

关键词： 疾病诊断   人类基因组计划   标志物   非编码RNA   编码蛋白质   循环   长度  

摘要： 人类基因组计划研究结果表明，在人类基因中只有不到2％的RNA编码蛋白质，其余均为非编码RNA（non—codingRNA，ncRNA）。根据ncRNA的长度，将ncRNA分为小非编码RNA和长链非编码RNA（longnon-codingRNA，lncRNA），后者碱基长度在200。100000nt之间。

关键词： ancient philosophy   bioethics   Nietzsche   personhood   technology   transhumanism  

摘要： Transhumanism is a "technoprogressive" socio-political and intellectual movement that advocates for the use of technology in order to transform the human organism radically, with the ultimate goal of becoming "posthuman." To this end, transhumanists focus on and encourage the use of new and emerging technologies, such as genetic engineering and brain-machine interfaces. In support of their vision for humanity, and as a way of reassuring those "bioconservatives" who may balk at the radical nature of that vision, transhumanists claim common ground with a number of esteemed thinkers and traditions, from the ancient philosophy of Plato and Aristotle to the postmodern philosophy of Nietzsche. It is crucially important to give proper scholarly attention to transhumanism now, not only because of its recent and ongoing rise as a cultural and political force (and the concomitant potential ramifications for bioethical discourse and public policy), but because of the imminence of major breakthroughs in the kinds of technologies that transhumanism focuses on. Thus, the articles in this issue of The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy are either explicitly about transhumanism or are on topics, such as the ethics of germline engineering and criteria for personhood, that are directly relevant to the debate between transhumanists (and technoprogressives more broadly) and bioconservatives.

关键词： Bioethics   decision-making   high schools   Portugal   teaching   values  

摘要： Objective: The Bioethics Teaching in Secondary Education (Project BEST) aims to promote the teaching of bioethics in secondary schools. This paper describes the development and implementation of the programme in Portugal. Design: Programme development involved two main tasks: (1) using the learning tools previously developed by the US Northwest Association of Biomedical Research and the Council of Europe and (2) applying the project in classrooms, conducting lectures on bioethics for students and teachers, and then using the previously developed learning tools. Setting: 32 schools representing the most densely populated regions of Portugal. Methods: Two surveys, based on previously validated measures, were used to evaluate the project. Results: The surveys were answered by the 179 students and 16 teachers attending a conference held by the project, which concluded the project's implementation phase. The findings point to the positive impact of this project. Conclusion: Based on evidence collected to date, it is clear that (1) students can develop reflective skills using this kind of an approach, (2) the project is well suited to secondary school syllabuses and to the age range of students from secondary schools, and (3) the teaching of values should start earlier at school, thereby helping young people develop a critical perspective on problems linked to scientific development and its implications on human health.

关键词： Reproduction   Biopower   Ectogenesis   Preimplantation genetic diagnosis   Reproductive rights   Pregnancy  

摘要： This Bioethics and Biopolitics: Presents and Futures of Reproduction symposium draws together a series of articles that were each submitted independently by their authors to the JBI and which explore the biopower axis in the externalization of reproduction in four contexts: artificial gestation (ectogenesis), PGD for sex selection, women’s (reproductive) rights, and testicular cryopreservation (TCCP). While one contribution explores a “future” of reproduction, the other three explore a “present,” or better, explore different “presents.” What may counts as “present,” and what may count as “future,” has dramatically different connotations depending on the geographical declination of the tense.