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关键词： Empirical bioethics   Standards   Consensus   Disagreement  

摘要： This commentary welcomes the work of Ives et al. on Standards of practice in Empirical Bioethics, and especially the dialogical spirit in which the standards have been constructed and offered. It also raises some questions about the consistent interpretation and use of such standards.

关键词： Empirical bioethics   Methods   Methodology   Standards   Consensus  

摘要： Background: This paper reports the process and outcome of a consensus finding project, which began with a meeting at the Brocher Foundation in May 2015. The project sought to generate and reach consensus on standards of practice for Empirical Bioethics research. The project involved 16 academics from 5 different European Countries, with a range of disciplinary backgrounds. Methods: The consensus process used a modified Delphi approach. Results: Consensus was reached on 15 standards of practice, organised into 6 domains of research practice (Aims, Questions, Integration, Conduct of Empirical Work, Conduct of Normative Work;Training & Expertise). Conclusions: Through articulating these standards we outline a position that encourages responses, and through those responses we will be able to identify points of agreement and contestation that will drive the conversation forward. In that vein, we would encourage researchers, funders and journals to engage with what we have proposed, and respond to us, so that our community of practice of empirical bioethics research can develop and evolve further.

关键词： academic publishing   bioethics   conflicts of interest   journal policy  

摘要： Background: In biomedical research, there have been numerous scandals highlighting conflicts of interest (COIs) leading to significant bias in judgment and questionable practices. Academic institutions, journals, and funding agencies have developed and enforced policies to mitigate issues related to COI, especially surrounding financial interests. After a case of editorial COI in a prominent bioethics journal, there is concern that the same level of oversight regarding COIs in the biomedical sciences may not apply to the field of bioethics. In this study, we examined the availability and comprehensiveness of COI policies for authors, peer reviewers, and editors of bioethics journals. Methods: After developing a codebook, we analyzed the content of online COI policies of 63 bioethics journals, along with policy information provided by journal editors that was not publicly available. Results: Just over half of the bioethics journals had COI policies for authors (57%), and only 25% for peer reviewers and 19% for editors. There was significant variation among policies regarding definitions, the types of COIs described, the management mechanisms, and the consequences for noncompliance. Definitions and descriptions centered on financial COIs, followed by personal and professional relationships. Almost all COI policies required disclosure of interests for authors as the primary management mechanism. Very few journals outlined consequences for noncompliance with COI policies or provided additional resources. Conclusion: Compared to other studies of biomedical journals, a much lower percentage of bioethics journals have COI policies and these vary substantially in content. The bioethics publishing community needs to develop robust policies for authors, peer reviewers, and editors and these should be made publicly available to enhance academic and public trust in bioethics scholarship. © 2018, © 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

关键词： 二硫化钨(WS2)   固态纳米孔   转移技术   氮化硅(Si3N4)   DNA测序  

摘要： 由于单层WS2薄膜转移技术的限制,使基于WS2的固态纳米孔精确构筑成为了技术难题,限制了WS2等新型二维材料在固态纳米孔DNA测序领域的应用。在可控生长WS2单层薄膜的基础上,以在SiO2/Si衬底上生长的单层WS2薄膜为研究对象,通过改进传统的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯（PMMA）辅助湿法转移技术,成功地将单层WS2薄膜精确转移至纳米/微米级Si3N4窗口上。本方法具有可重复性好和操作简便等特点,特别适合小尺寸薄膜的精确转移,可推广至其他二维材料的应用,进而推动基于二维材料的固态纳米孔DNA测序技术的发展。

关键词： 甘油   1,3-丙二醇   生物转化   生物合成   基因工程  

摘要： 粗甘油是生物柴油生产中的主要副产物,一些微生物可将甘油转化为重要化工原料1,3-丙二醇(1,3-PD),而利用这些微生物野生菌株生物合成1,3-PD会存在一些局限性,如底物抑制、产物抑制等。文中从1,3-丙二醇的甘油生物转化途径与这些局限性出发,总结了生物合成中存在的问题,并针对这些问题提出了一些基于基因敲除或基因过表达等基因工程技术的改造方法,综述了利用基因工程菌生物转化甘油生成1,3-丙二醇的最新研究进展。

关键词： 医学信息学   精准医学   人类基因组计划  

摘要： 介绍精准医学计划以及精准医学信息学为医疗卫生领域带来的变革,分析精准医学信息学发展存在的问题并指出相应对策,包括制定并完善精准医学法律规范、建立精准医学信息共享平台。

关键词： 转基因作物   研发现状   作物改良   展望  

摘要： 近年来,转基因技术在作物育种中应用已取得显著成效,并产生巨大的商业价值。综述了转基因技术在作物改良方面的显著成绩,分析了这一领域的研究现状和新进展,展望了转基因技术研究和应用的未来,以期为推进我国农业生物技术发展与转基因作物商业化提供指导。

摘要： BACKGROUND: The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) requires that pediatrics residents demonstrate an adherence to ethical principles. In 2011, the AAP Section on Bioethics published a free, downloadable, case-based modular curriculum for residency training programs, but data assessing uptake and perceptions of this curriculum are lacking. METHODS:We conducted a national survey of pediatric program directors (PDs), which was distributed through the Association of Pediatric Program Directors listserv. RESULTS: Only 32% of respondents (N = 54, 27%) were aware of the AAP curriculum, and only 22% had used it. Respondents overwhelmingly reported that offering maintenance of certification part II for PDs and faculty implementing the curriculum might promote utilization (85%). Of PDs who used the AAP curriculum, 46% thought it was effective on its own and 36% believed it should be supplemented with other teaching materials. 27% reported having no resident ethics curriculum, and 81% responded no or not sure when asked if the effectiveness of ethics education in their program had been evaluated in the last 3 years. Lack of time/other priorities was the most commonly cited obstacle to ethics education (73%). Interestingly, 94% of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that ethics education is an important part of residency training, but only 61% agreed or strongly agreed that programs should use a formal ethics curriculum. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS: The AAP bioethics curriculum may be underutilized by pediatric residency programs. Most responding PDs were not aware that this curriculum is available, suggesting that increased outreach or professional incentives could increase use. However, while an overwhelming majority of PDs agreed that ethics education is an important part of residency training, many fewer endorsed implementation of a formal ethics curriculum and a minority had recently evaluated ethics education in their program. Further study is neede

关键词： 黄瓜   杂交育种   诱变育种   分子标记   基因工程  

摘要： 本文从杂交育种、诱变育种、分子标记辅助育种及基因工程育种四个方面,综述了我国黄瓜新品种的选育进展。

关键词： 人胚胎干细胞   晶状体小体   转录因子   高通量测序  

摘要： 目的探讨人胚胎干细胞（hESC）定向分化为晶状体小体（LB）过程中晶状体发育相关转录因子的表达特点和规律。方法通过＂三阶段法＂体外诱导hESC定向分化为LB。取hESC（D0）和诱导分化不同时间点的细胞，应用高通量测序技术，通过生物信息学方法分析晶状体发育相关的转录因子及其亚型的表达变化特点和规律。采用Western blot法和免疫荧光染色技术对相关基因在蛋白水平的表达进行检测。结果光学显微镜下，未分化的hESC呈圆形；分化后0～6 d（D0～D6）的细胞更圆且排列更紧密；D7～D18细胞由圆形逐渐延长变为梭形；D19～D32，形成有三维立体结构的透明结构，即LB。荧光定量PCR结果显示，干细胞标记基因的表达在分化过程显著降低，而晶状体特异性基因的表达明显升高。免疫荧光染色结果显示，LB表达晶状体特异性蛋白α-crystallin和β-crystallin。高通量测序聚类分析结果显示，D0与D32之间的转录因子基因表达谱差异最为显著，而D6和D18之间的差异最小。前基板基因DLX3、DLX5、DLX6、HES1、HES4、OTX2和EYA1在分化第一阶段表达显著升高，随后下降；晶状体特异性基因中SOX2蛋白表达逐渐降低，而后升高，而PAX6蛋白的表达随分化时间延长逐渐增加；晶状体分化基因MAB21L1、CMAF、PROX1及PITX3等在分化早期变化不显著，在分化第三阶段表达明显增加。结论体外定向分化的3个阶段依次对应体内晶状体发育的前基板外胚层（PPE）阶段、前晶状体外胚层（PLE）和晶状体外胚层（LE）阶段、晶状体泡（LV）和晶状体细胞分化阶段，提示hESC体外定向分化过程很好地模拟了体内晶状体的胚胎发育过程，为研究晶状体发育和先天性晶状体疾病的分子机制提供了理想的模型。