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关键词： 粮食安全   人口增长率   自然资源退化   发展态势   政治动荡   全球生物技术   转基因作物商业化   营养不良问题  

摘要： 保障粮食安全和营养是各国克服饥饿和营养不良问题的关键。联合国估计,目前的高人口增长率、政治动荡、自然资源退化、被迫移民(从农场到城市社区),以及正在流行的新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)疫情等各种挑战的相互作用将对粮食安全产生重大影响,可能会加剧全球的饥饿和营养不良问题。在农业、粮食、健康、水和卫生等部门,以及社会保护、发展规划和经济政策等政策领域应采取更大胆、有力的行动开展合作。

关键词： PCSK9   基因工程小鼠   繁殖   鉴定  

摘要： 本研究旨在对PCSK9基因工程小鼠进行繁育和鉴定,为研究人类高胆固醇血症等心血管疾病获得一种小鼠的疾病模型。基因工程小鼠由于数量较少,故在饲养繁育方面要求更高。本研究采用雄鼠或雌鼠与野生型小鼠长期合笼的方式进行繁殖,并利用PCR和琼脂糖凝胶电泳法对子代小鼠进行基因型鉴定,同时对PCR阳性结果进行测序验证,结果获得9只PCSK9基因工程小鼠,成功建立了PCSK9基因工程小鼠疾病模型。

关键词： 枳属   富民枳   柑橘属   系统发育   分类地位  

摘要： 富民枳(Poncirus polyandra)属于芸香科(Rutaceae)枳属(Poncirus Raf.)。自发表以来,分类地位一直备受争议,其中在Flora of China中认为富民枳为柑橘杂交种(Poncirus polyandra),把枳属归并于柑橘属(Citrus)。该研究选取枳属的富民枳、枳(Poncirus trifoliata)及柑橘属下8个种共10个种47个个体作为研究材料,以九里香(Murraya exotica)为外类群,利用3个叶绿体片段(trn L-trn F、trn S-trn G、rbc L)、ITS片段和1个单拷贝核基因(Chr 5)数据构建系统发育树,探究枳属和富民枳的分类地位。结果表明:基于3个叶绿体片段数据构建的最大似然树(ML)和贝叶斯树(BI)的拓扑结构基本一致,10个物种聚为两大分支,即柑橘属的8个物种聚为一大分支,富民枳和枳聚为另一大分支。其中,富民枳所有个体聚为一小单系分支,枳的所有个体聚为一小单系分支,支持枳属和富民枳独立存在。2个核DNA片段数据结果显示,枳属的两个种与柑橘属的8个物种聚在一个大分支里,无法确立枳属的单系地位,但富民枳的9个个体聚在一起,暗示富民枳在遗传上是一个独立的类群。综上研究认为,无论是叶绿体DNA数据还是核DNA数据均支持富民枳是一个独立的物种,但核DNA数据不支持枳属成立。

关键词： 聚酰亚胺   材料基因工程   耐热性   加工性能   理论模拟  

摘要： 聚酰亚胺(PI)树脂在航天航空工业领域具有重要应用,被要求其兼具热稳定性和良好的加工性。但是,在耐热性能提高的同时,PI的加工性能通常会变差,这种矛盾加大了树脂设计与研发的难度。文中提出了一种基于材料基因工程的两步法筛选策略,这种新方法能加速设计兼具热稳定性和加工性的PI结构。第1步,从聚合物数据库中的化学结构提取出各种化学基元,以化学键解离能和键级作为热稳定性指标,以旋转松弛时间和零切黏度作为加工指标对化学基元进行第1次筛选,获得候选基元。第2步,通过候选基元的组合获得候选PI结构,以50%热分解温度作为热稳定性指标,以LUMO-HOMO和零切黏度作为加工性指标,筛选得到主链含二甲基硅和炔基的新型耐高温易加工的PI树脂。这一策略为快速设计兼具多种性能的新型聚合物提供了一种新方法。

关键词： breast cancer   ethics   healthcare   public management   solitude  

摘要： This study focuses on the role of bioethics in designing public healthcare policies towards elderly patients with cancer. The general overview of public administration and healthcare approach to treatment. Interpretation of how the EU public administration faces the challenges of an ageing population and extended human longevity. The significant emotional impact a genetic cancer test holds, both in the patients and their families, is to be explained. From the bioethics' perspective, artificial intelligence and transhumanism are dangerous concerning its absence of boundaries. As a result of daily contact with cancer, we acknowledge the immediate and relevant impact science produces in a patient's life. We converge these subjects to the improvement of public policies and governmental efforts in increasing society's positive results.

关键词： COVID-19   pandemic   bioethics   human rights   utilitarianism   doctrine of double effect  

摘要： The role of bioethicists amidst crises like the COVID-19 pandemic is not well defined. As professionals in the field, they should respond, but how? The observation of the early days of pandemic confinement in Finland showed that moral philosophers with limited experience in bioethics tended to apply their favorite theories to public decisions, with varying results. Medical ethicists were more likely to lend support to the public authorities by soothing or descriptive accounts of the solutions assumed. These are approaches that Tuija Takala has called the firefighting and window dressing models of bioethics. Human rights lawyers drew attention to the flaws of the government's regulative thinking. Critical bioethicists offered analyses of the arguments presented and the moral and political theories that could be used as the basis of good and acceptable decisions.

关键词： COVID-19   IRB   LAR   SARS-CoV-2  

摘要： Biospecimen research is a prominent investigative strategy that aims to provide novel insights into coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), inform clinical trials, and develop effective, life-saving treatments. However, COVID-19 biospecimen research raises accompanying ethical concerns and practical challenges for investigators and participants. In this special article, we discuss the ethical issues that are associated with autonomy, beneficence, and justice in COVID-19 biospecimen research and describe strategies to manage the practical challenges, with an emphasis on protecting the rights and welfare of human research participants during a pandemic response. Appropriate institutional review board oversight and bioethics guidance for COVID-19 biospecimen research must maintain their focus on protecting the rights and welfare of research participants, despite the urgent need for more knowledge about the virus and the threat it poses to communities and nations. (C) 2020 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research

关键词： 基因工程  

ISBN: (纸本)9787122375339

摘要： 本书由山东大学、北京大学、清华大学、浙江大学、四川大学、中国科学院生物物理研究所、中国医学科学院、中国农业科学院等高校和科研院所的一线专家联合编写，系统介绍CRISPR这一基因编辑技术的发展史、研究进展、结构组成、表观编辑、脱靶效应、脱靶检测方法、实验方案、实验模型和递送系统，以及该技术在微生物学、免疫学、疾病治疗和传染病核酸检测中的应用。