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关键词： 棉纺织业   防寒保暖   转基因作物   世界历史发展   开发利用   工业革命   棉花   衣食住行  

摘要： 衣食住行是人类生存的四件大事,防寒保暖的衣物和填饱肚子的食物更是重中之重。在植物世界中,除了各种粮食蔬果,与人类关系最紧密的当属棉花了。棉花的开发利用,不仅仅改变了人类的衣着,更在很大程度上影响了经济贸易和世界历史发展的进程,棉纺织业的迅猛发展也成为英国第一工业革命的重要动力。而且,棉花的能耐不仅如此,棉花还促使人类在对抗昆虫的道路上迈出了一大步。让转基因作物真正商品化,棉花发挥了至关重要的作用。让我们走进棉花的科学世界一探究竟吧。

关键词： 心血管领域   类器官   诱导多能干细胞   疾病进展   胚胎干细胞   细胞类型   心脏发育   体外扩增  

摘要： 人多能干细胞(hPSC)具有自我更新和分化的潜能,在适宜的条件下几乎可以体外扩增和分化为任何成年组织细胞类型,用于人体各器官正常发育和疾病进展的研究,也是细胞疗法最有利的来源。目前广泛应用于临床研究的h PSC主要有胚胎干细胞(h ESCs)和诱导多能干细胞(hi PSCs),研究人员已经为肠、脑、肾等器官建立了早期组织发育的类器官模型,但其在心血管领域的进展有限,针对心脏,尤其是心脏发育形态研究的类似方法仍较为缺乏。

关键词： 航天材料   基因工程数据库   建设意义及建议  

摘要： 中国新一代航天装备进入了高速发展时期,对轻质、高强、高韧性、抗极端空天服役环境等高性能关键材料的提出了迫切需求。国内多家科研机构都已开展材料科学数据库建设,但针对航天材料应用的特殊性,开展的航天材料基因工程数据库有关研究还处于摸索起步阶段,用于支撑材料基因工程的数据库技术以及机器学习模型、数据挖掘等技术还有待突破。作为新材料研发的新理念新模式,材料基因工程必将在新材料研发中起到举足轻重的作用。因而,本文从基因材料数据库组建的现状出发,分析材料数据库建设的意义,并提出了相关建议。

关键词： 虾青素   转基因番茄   超临界二氧化碳萃取  

摘要： 虾青素是自然界中抗氧化活性最强的生物活性物质,随着植物基因工程技术的发展,以植物尤其是经济作物作为生物反应器生产虾青素已成为国内外研究的热点。本研究利用超临界二氧化碳萃取技术从转基因工程番茄中提取虾青素,萃取温度50℃,萃取压力35MPa,萃取2.5h的情况下,虾青素的提取率可达95%,此方法用料安全,提取率高,非常适合转基因工程番茄虾青素的提取。此外,转基因工程番茄中含有高营养价值的番茄红素和β-胡萝卜素。在虾青素的最佳提取条件下,番茄红素提取率为82%,β-胡萝卜素提取率为89%。本研究为转基因工程番茄产业化提取虾青素奠定了技术基础。

关键词： 植物基因   果树种植   应用  

摘要： 随着我国科技的快速发展,我国基因工程也在不断前进,很多工程在施工时都逐渐使用基因技术,尤其是果树种植行业。在果树种植里运用植物基因工程可以很好地改善植物品种,提高果树种植质量,植物基因工程主要是通过对杂草、虫害、病毒的控制,来提高果树自身品质,植物基因工程对果树进行改良以后能够促进果树种植人员经济效益的提升,并且能够有效保护环境,减少资源浪费,满足我国可持续发展要求,为果树提供了良好、稳定的生长环境。本文就植物基因工程在果树中的应用进行分析。

关键词： Race   Bioethics   Assisted reproductive technologies  

摘要： In this essay, I argue that bioethicists have a thus-far unfulfilled role to play in helping life scientists, including medical doctors and researchers, think about race. I begin with descriptions of how life scientists tend to think about race and descriptions of typical approaches to bioethics. I then describe three different approaches to race: biological race, race as social construction, and race as cultural driver of history. Taking into account the historical and contemporary interplay of these three approaches, I suggest an alternative framework for thinking about race focused on how the idea of race functions socially. Finally, using assisted reproductive technologies as an example, I discuss how bioethicists and scientists might work together using this framework to improve not only their own but broader perspectives on race.

关键词： Race   Racism   Indigenous Australia   Colonialism   Research Ethics  

摘要： We seek to bring Black bodies and lives into full view within the enterprise of Indigenous health research to interrogate the unquestioned good that is taken to characterize contemporary Indigenous health research. We articulate a Black bioethics that is not premised upon a false logic of beneficence, rather we think through a Black bioethics premised upon an unconditional love for the Black body. We achieve this by examining the accounts of two Black mothers, fictional and factual rendering visible the racial violence Black bodies have been subjected to. We call for a Black bioethics that reimagines the Black body as beautiful and belonging-to both someone and somewhere.

关键词： Racism   Contempt   Institutional racism   Personhood  

摘要： The U.S. healthcare system has a long history of displaying racist contempt toward Black people. From medical schools' use of enslaved bodies as cadavers to the widespread hospital practice of reporting suspected drug users who seek medical help to the police, the institutional practices and policies that have shaped U.S. healthcare systems as we know them cannot be minimized as coincidence. Rather, the very foundations of medical discovery, diagnosis, and treatment are built on racist contempt for Black people and have become self-perpetuating. Yet, I argue that bioethics and bioethicists have a role in combatting racism. However, in order to do so, bioethicists have to understand the workings of contemptuous racism and how that particular form of racism manifests in U.S. healthcare institutions. Insofar as justice is part of the core mission of bioethics, then antiracism must also be part of the mission of bioethics.

关键词： Bioethics   Whiteness   Postcolonical   Ethnography   Kuru   Aboriginal Australians   Indigenous   Fore  

摘要： A discussion of whiteness as an "ethos" or "relational category" in bioethics, drawing on examples from medical and historical research.