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关键词： bioethics   Anthropocene   global heating   Van Rensselaer Potter   wisdom teachings  

摘要： The multiple emergencies of global heating require bioethicists to embrace the dormant, comprehensive bioethics legacy of Van Rensselaer Potter, moving beyond the current narrower focus of the field on medicine and health care. We recommend readings that expand the core literature of bioethics to address key environmental issues. These are Jessica Pierce and Andrew Jameton's The Ethics of Environmentally Responsible Health Care; Dale Jamieson's Reason in a Dark Time; and David Wallace-Well's The Uninhabitable Earth. Because efforts to mitigate climate disasters are likely to be only partially successful, we also recommend the teachings of late Roman Stoicism and core texts of Buddhism, which provide ethical wisdom likely to be needed in the multiple crises of the Anthropocene.

关键词： Religious studies   Islamic studies   Critical analysis   Bioethics methodology   Islamic bioethics  

摘要： Last year marked a decade since the publication of the book "Islamic Biomedical Ethics" by religious studies professor Abdulaziz Sachedina in which he called for a critical and rigorous analytical approach to the ethical inquiry of biomedical issues from an Islamic perspective. Since the publication of this landmark work, some authors have continued to call into question the ways in which Islam as a religious tradition is engaged with in the secular bioethics literature. This paper describes common argumentative issues with current Islamic bioethics scholarship and offers general pearls and strategies to facilitate better engagement with religious approaches to bioethical issues.

关键词： biopolitics   Holocaust   Nazi medicine   public health ethics  

摘要： While bioethicist Arthur Caplan claims that "The Nazi analogy is equivalent to dropping a nuclear bomb in ethical battles about science and medicine", we claim that such total exclusion of this analogy is equally problematic. Our analysis builds on Roberto Esposito's conceptualization of immunitas and communitas as key elements of biopolitics. Within public health theories and practices there is an inherent tension between exclusion (immunitas) and inclusion (communitas) forces. Taking the immunitas logic to the extreme, as National Socialist medicine did in the name of securing the German race, is a constant danger that needs to be taken seriously into consideration when discussing public health policies. The tension between the silencing of the Holocaust in bioethical debates on one side, and the persistent use of National Socialist medicine metaphors, on the other hand, is the focus of this paper. By delving into the meanings and the implications of this two-edged discourse, we argue that comparing post-war bioethics with pre-war medical practices from a biopolitical perspective has the potential to depict a more nuanced account of continuities and discontinuities in bioethics.

关键词： Ethics   activism   bioethics   moral duties  

摘要： The question of whether activism should be overtly embraced as part of the bioethicist's role deserves serious consideration. Like others, we agree that bioethics is inescapably partisan;bioethical deliberation is based on trying to determine morally relevant features of situations and morally justifiable outcomes. Where disagreement arises is over the degree to which bioethicists should be activists. Meyers argues for a somewhat circumscribed role, limited to action on ethically concerning institutional matters, for those who are financially independent of the institutions. We take a broader view, arguing that some issues are so morally egregious that there is a duty to take a stand against them, even if the prospects of success are dim. There is a need for further debate, sharing of experiences, and analysis of case studies, to support bioethicists who take a stand.

关键词： accomplice   argument   interdisciplinarity   medical history   public discourse   slippery slope   taboo  

摘要： Slippery slope-, taboo-breaking- or Nazi-analogy-arguments are common, but not uncontroversial examples of the complex relationship between bioethics and the various ways of using historical arguments in these debates. In our analysis we examine first the relationship between bioethics and medical history both as separate disciplines and as argumentative practices. Secondly, we then analyse six common types of historical arguments in bioethics (slippery slope-, analogy-, continuity-, knockout/taboo-, ethical progress- and accomplice-arguments), some as arguments within the academic debate of bioethics, others as arguments within political and public debates over bioethical issues. We conclude by suggesting to bioethicists to better understand historical arguments as socially and culturally embedded practices of critical reflection of power, medical and government paternalism and possible future scenarios. More interdisciplinarity between ethicists and medical historians is needed to appropriately rationalize and understand the different legacies.

关键词： 细胞因子   基因工程   药物研究  

摘要： 近年来,基因设计工程与临床药物分子基因设计相互结合,产生了更有效、更合理的临床药物基因设计应用方法。随着体内细胞因子亚型受体活性亚型的逐步阐明,利用活性肽激动剂进行选择性联合作用于体内多种细胞受体因子亚型的非肽拮抗剂的临床研究进展迅速。随着人类细胞因子受体药物结构的逐步发现,细胞因子受体药物的产品设计、研发将能够取得更多的科研成果。

关键词： 糖酵解   鸡   胚胎干细胞   原始生殖样细胞  

摘要： 研究显示糖酵解过程主要参与细胞的重编程并维持细胞全能性,但其在生殖细胞分化过程中发挥的作用还所知甚少。旨在以骨形态发生蛋白4(bone morphogenetic protein 4,BMP4)诱导鸡胚胎干细胞(embryonic stem cells,ESC)分化原始生殖细胞(primordial germ cell,PGC)的体外模型为基础,初步探索糖酵解系统在PGC形成中的功能,为从代谢水平解析鸡PGC形成的分子机制奠定理论基础。收集BMP4诱导过程中分别添加糖酵解抑制剂维生素K3(VK3)和激活剂DASA58,通过qRT-PCR检测诱导过程中糖酵解相关基因磷酸甘油酸激酶1(phosphoglycerate kinase 1,Pgk1)、己糖激酶1(hexokinase 1,Hk1)、丙酮酸激酶M2(pyruvate kinase M2,Pkm2)、乳酸脱氢酶A(lactate dehydrogenase A,Ldha)、1型葡萄糖转运蛋白(glucose transporter type 1,Glut1)、磷酸果糖激酶(phosphofructokinase,platelet,Pfkp)和醛缩酶,果糖-双磷酸C(aldolase,fructose-bisphosphate C,Aldoc)的表达变化;细胞形态学观察不同处理下细胞形态的变化;流式细胞分析不同处理下诱导第6天时DDX4阳性细胞比例(PGC样细胞,PGCLC)。qRT-PCR结果显示,BMP4诱导鸡ESC分化为PGC样细胞的过程中,糖酵解相关基因都出现显著下调趋势,糖酵解途径被抑制;而添加VK3后,糖酵解途径极显著抑制,添加DASA58后,糖酵解途径则被显著激活。细胞形态学观察结果表明,与正常诱导过程相比,添加VK3后,第6天的类胚体显著增加;而添加DASA58后,类胚体则显著减少。流式细胞分析发现,添加VK3后,DDX4阳性细胞比例增加,添加DASA58后,DDX4阳性细胞比例减少。该研究结果显示抑制糖酵解过程能够促进体外鸡PGC-like的形成,即糖酵解过程在鸡PGCs形成过程中被抑制。

关键词： 抗疫精神   基因工程   课程思政   教学研究  

摘要： 课程思政是当前高校落实"立德树人"根本任务的重要形式。在抗击新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情中,中华民族同舟共济、守望相助,共同铸就了伟大的抗疫精神,为课程思政教学提供了最生动的元素。本文对"战疫"行动中的抗疫精神进行梳理和总结,将其内涵凝练为5项内容;以新型冠状病毒的"核酸检测、疫苗研制及其变异"中蕴含的"抗疫精神"为思政载体,甄选"基因工程"课程中对应的理论内容,开展聚焦抗疫精神的"基因工程"课程思政教学设计与实践研究,利用问卷法和深度访谈法对教学实施效果进行评价,旨在引导学生在学习专业理论知识的同时,感悟课程内容中蕴含的抗疫精神,并将其内化为价值追求,潜移默化中提升学生的思想意识和道德修养,同时为生物类其他专业课程思政教学提供参考和借鉴。

关键词： 鱼   基因工程疫苗   免疫   保护作用  

摘要： 鱼病的化学药物防治会导致水质恶化、水产品药物残留超标或病原体耐药性增强等弊端。随着鱼类免疫学研究以及分子生物学技术的发展,鱼用基因工程疫苗的研究受到了广泛关注。系统地解析与梳理了鱼用基因工程疫苗发展的背景、意义及疫苗类型和国内外的研究与应用现状,明确现阶段我国鱼用基因工程疫苗发展面临的挑战并提出相应的发展建议,旨在为未来鱼用疫苗的开发和应用提供参考。