关键词：
Racism
inequalities
living standards
Public Policy
Tentacles
Income
摘要：
SOCIAL DETERMINANTS In 1899, Dubois1 described differences in health outcomes associated with place (e.g., zip code, community residence), socioeconomic status, and race.
Since the early 20th century, public health scholars have developed a more comprehensive paradigm to explain differences in these outcomes.
In chapter 5, Shapiro sharply articulates the historic and biased rules and regulations of current public policies that continue to advantage some groups over others in the areas of housing, public assistance, higher education, employment (benefits and protections), and public health (health insurance affordability, comprehensive community health centers, reproductive health services).
[...]neighborhoods of opportunity matter because they include, among other advantages, higher quality housing, better food markets, and better air quality.3 Also, employment without a living wage and health benefits hurts families and communities; low-resourced and poor-quality schools, dependent on a real estate tax base, create unequal opportunities; and, without significant changes in public social policies, health inequities and disparities will remain relatively unchanged.
[...]the author's findings showcase, indirectly though poignantly, how "wealth and race map together to consolidate historic injustice . . . creating an increasingly divided opportunity structure" (p. 18).
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