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关键词： 公共政策负排斥   城乡差距   政府合法性   共享式发展  

摘要： 公共政策负排斥背离了公共政策所应秉持的公正性和公共性铁律,是政治文明的一项负资产。公共政策负排斥将导致一系列负向效应:政策负排斥影响公众对政府的政策认同、绩效认同和价值认同,进而侵蚀政府的合法性基础;政策负排斥制造了经济参与和成果分享机会的不平等,进而阻碍经济和社会的共享式发展;政策负排斥对农民产生负向排斥,将进一步造成城乡差距扩大和阶层固化。只有坚决治理和遏止政策负排斥并彻底铲除其得以滋生的土壤,才能扫清实现社会公正的障碍,促进共享式发展。

关键词： nutritional guidelines   food and beverages   schools   public policy   Mexico   public health  

摘要： Excess weight in schoolchildren is a serious health problem in Mexico. In 2010, the government established General Guidelines for Dispensing or Distribution of Foods and Beverages at School Food Establishments (SFEs) in Elementary Schools with the objective of stopping the epidemic of overweight and obesity. This study aimed to evaluate compliance with the Guidelines during two academic years. With a sample of 39 schools already randomly selected, we carried out a follow-up study. The research team recorded foods and beverages available at schools in two academic years, and compared their nutritional characteristics to those established in the Guidelines. At the schools in both stages of the study, we found broad availability of energy-dense foods not allowed in the SFEs. Vegetables, fruits, and plain water accounted for less than 7 per cent of the foods and drinks. We observed no changes between stages in the compliance the Guidelines.

关键词： Photovoltaic technology   Social development   Environmental governance   Mexican policy   Marginalization   Public strategies  

摘要： Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) is the most populated urban area in the country. In 2010, MCMA required 14.8% of total energy domestic demand, but greenhouse gas emissions accounted for 7.7% of domestic emissions. Mexico has massive renewable energy potential that could be harnessed through solar photovoltaic (PV) technology. The problem to explore is the relationship between local and federal public strategies in MCMA and their stance on energy transition concern, social empowerment, new technology appropriation, and the will to boost social development and urban sustainability. A public policy typology was conducted through instruments of State intervention approach, based on political agenda articulation and environmental local interactions. Social equality is encouraged by means of forthright funding and in-kind support and energy policies focus on non-renewable energy subsidies and electric transmission infrastructure investment. There is a lack of vision for using PV technology as a guiding axis for marginalized population development. It is essential to promote economic and political rearrangement in order to level and structure environmental governance. It is essential to understand people's representation about their own needs along with renewable energy.

关键词： I38   O13   O14   O33   O38   O53   O35   Q15   Q18   Q55   Innovation   Technological change   Industrialization   Agriculture   Food   Safety nets   Poverty   Climate change   India  

摘要： The Indian Government and public-private partnerships are developing and disseminating a dizzying number of innovative, networked solutions, broadly known as the Digital India initiative, to increase the efficiency of safety nets and worker productivity and to improve life. Yet, challenges to turn the power of information and other technologies into a farmer-friendly technological revolution for India's 156 million rural households are considerable, including: (1)reliable, up-to-date, location-specific message content for a diverse agriculture to help stratified households shift to productive, knowledge-intensive agriculture as a businessgovernment, private sector, and civil society have big roles to play;(2) digital literacy, i.e., teaching farmers how to choose and use apps, even where the digital divide is absent;apps are, or soon to be, in regional languages;and (3) monitoring actual use and impacts on users' lives by understanding the adoption and adaptation processes. These challenges call for bottom-up, complementary investments in physical, human, and institutional capital, and farmer-friendly e-platforms, while forging ahead with many top-down policy and institutional reforms currently underway, in which progress is real and constraints holding back greater success are better understood.

关键词： Scenario development   Social media   Twitter   Workshops   Serialisation  

摘要： Scenario planning projects have been used in a variety of organisational settings to explore future uncertainty. The scenario process is often a participative one involving heterogeneous stakeholder groups from multiple organisations, particularly when exploring issues of wider public concern. Facilitated workshops are a common setting for scenario projects, typically requiring people to be physically present in order to participate and engage with others for the duration of the project. During workshops, participants progress through the stages of the process, generating content relevant to each stage and ultimately the scenarios themselves. However, the periods between workshops and other episodes of activity (e.g. interviewing stakeholders) are rarely mentioned in such accounts. Thus we know very little about what activities take place between such activities, when they occur and who is involved. This is a particular issue for larger scale scenario projects that run over a period of weeks or months and involve multiple workshops;in such cases organisers and facilitators have to consider how to maintain the interest and levels of engagement of participants throughout the duration of the project. A variety of social media exist which allow people to interact with each other virtually, both in real time and asynchronously. We reflect on the use of social media within a project to develop scenarios for the future of the food system around Birmingham, UK, in the year 2050. We explore how a particular social media, namely Twitter, can be used effectively as part of a scenario planning project, for example to engage participants and encourage contributions to the project. We suggest that Twitter can support the serialisation of strategic conversations between the face-to-face workshops. The paper considers the implications of these reflections for both the scenario process and scenario projects more generally.

关键词： forests   certification   private governance   Russia   Brazil  

摘要： Under what conditions do private forest governance standards influence state policy and behavior to become more oriented toward sustainability? We argue that governance schemes targeting firms may indirectly shape state behavior, even when designed to bypass state regulation. Through an examination of the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) in Russia and Brazil, we find that the FSC has influenced domestic rhetoric, laws, and enforcement practices. FSC has had a more disruptive and consequential impact on Russia's domestic forest governance;in Brazil, earlier transnational environmental campaigns had already begun to shift domestic institutions toward sustainability. Based on interview data and textual analysis of FSC and government documents, we identify the mechanisms of indirect FSC influence on statesprofessionalization, civil society mobilization, firm lobbying, and international market pressure, and argue that they are likely to be activated under conditions of poor and decentralized governance, overlapping and competing regulations and high foreign market demand for exports.

摘要： The World Heart Federation, alongside its partners in the Global Coalition for Circulatory Health, condemns outright the launch of the Foundation for a Smoke-Free World,1 which is a vehicle for the tobacco industry.