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关键词： Digital trust   Openness   Transparency   Artificial Intelligence policy   Technology policy   Cultural values  

摘要： Using textual analysis methodology with Hofstede's cultural dimensions as basis for cross-national comparison, the manuscript explores the influence of cultural values of trust, transparency, and openness in Nordic national artificial intelligence (AI) policy documents. Where many AI processes are technologies hidden from view of the citizen, how can public institutions support and ensure these high levels of trust, transparency, and openness in Nordic culture and extend these concepts of "digital trust" to AI? One solution is by authoring national policy that upholds cultural values and personal rights, ultimately reinforcing these values in their societies. The paper highlights differences in how Nordic nations position themselves using cultural values as organizing principles, with the author showing these values (i.e., trust through clear information and information security, transparency through AI literacy education and clear algorithmic decision making, and openness by creating data lakes and data trusts) support the development of AI technology in society. The analysis shows that three cultural values are upheld and influence Nordic national AI strategies, while themes of privacy, ethics, and autonomy are present, and democracy, a societal building block in the Nordics, is especially prominent in the policies. For policy development, policy leaders must understand that without citizen involvement in AI implementation or lacking citizen AI education, we risk alienating those for who these services are meant to utilize and improve access for.

关键词： Federal regulation   Government policy   Email  

摘要： The article discusses order from the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), in a docket implicating the capacity market operated by PJM Interconnection. Topics discussed include authority under the Federal Power Act (FPA) to counteract state public policy; leadership on climate change legislation; and importance to translate state public policy into justifiable resource discrimination in the wholesale markets.

关键词： behavioral welfare analysis   consumer optimization   electronic cigarettes   electronic nicotine delivery systems   tobacco control  

摘要： Electronic cigarettes are a less harmful alternative to combustible cigarettes. We analyze data on e-cigarette choices in an online experimental market. Our data and mixed logit model capture two sources of consumer optimization errors: overestimates of the relative risks of e-cigarettes and present bias. Our novel data and policy analysis make three contributions. First, our predictions about e-cigarette use under counterfactual policy scenarios provide new information about current regulatory tradeoffs. Second, we provide empirical evidence about the role consumer optimization errors play in tobacco product choices. Third, we contribute to behavioral welfare analysis of policies that address individual optimization errors. Compared with standard cost-benefit analysis, our behavioral welfare economics analysis leads to much larger estimates of the costs of policies that discourage e-cigarette use or the benefits of policies that encourage e-cigarette use.

关键词： Mobility-as-a-Service   Public policy   MaaS   Policy instruments   Mobility   Topology  

摘要： World population forecasted growth, ageing population, rising urbanization and congestion levels carry several challenges inside urban mobility systems. The digitalization megatrend is reshaping lives worldwide while at the same time "Usership" is thriving along collaborative consumption. "Mobility-as-a-Service" ("MaaS") emerges as a potential mobility disruption, in this new mobility ecosystem. Inspired in Finland's "MaaS" ecosystem, this paper aims to propose a "Mobility as a Service Public Policy Framework" with a two-stage approach. First structuring the "MaaS" concept, looking for the core features, its relations, that leads to its reconceptualization and a topology proposal. Secondly, a public policy framework is proposed, considering the policy instruments, indicative group of stakeholders responsible and the different urban mobility management decision levels. The authors argue that is fundamental to understand the nature of decisions which are intimately connected with the Urban Mobility system, to design and implement a coherent and effective policy framework, where the policy tools chosen to materialize policy decisions regarding "MaaS" should first consider the identification of the founding pillars of the "MaaS" concept, guiding the process of policy design accordingly. If "MaaS" is considered a Mobility Management tool, it can constitute an opportunity to redefine public transport and its financing.

关键词： clinical trials   public policy   research ethics   research non-participant   risk assessment   risk displacement   third party consent  

摘要： We identify three distinct ethical problems that can arise with risk displacement. Risk displacement is the shifting of extant risk from one or more individuals to other individual(s) such that the reduction of risk to the first group is causally implicated in increasing risk to the second group. These problems are: concentration of risk in inequitable ways;transfer of risk to already vulnerable or disadvantaged populations;and exercise of undue influence over potential research participants. The first two arise in both public policy and research initiatives, whereas the third is a special concern that only applies to research initiatives. We argue that when one or more of these is of high magnitude, then the study or policy intervention may be ethically wrong. Finally, we conclude that although some risk displacement is ethically permissible, researchers and policymakers still have ethical reasons to reduce the magnitude of these problems.

关键词： Autonomous vehicles (AVs)   Driverless cars   Content analysis   Text analytics   Topic modelling   Big data   Machine learning   Transport policy  

摘要： The simultaneous growth of textual data and the advancements within Text Analytics enables organisations to exploit this kind of unstructured data, and tap into previously hidden knowledge. However, the utilisation of this valuable resource is still insufficiently unveiled in terms of transport policy decision-making. This research aims to further examine the potential of textual big data analytics in transportation through a real-life case study. The case study, framed together with the Danish Road Directorate or Vejdirektoratet, was designed to assess public opinion towards the adoption of driverless cars in Denmark. Traditionally, the opinion of the public has often been captured by means of surveys for the problem owner. Our study provides demonstrations in which opinion towards the adoption of driverless cars is examined through the analysis of newspaper articles and tweets using topic modelling, document classification, and sentiment analysis. In this way, the research attends to the collective as well as individualised characteristics of public opinion. The analyses establish that Text Analytics may be used as a complement to surveys, in order to extract additional knowledge which may not be captured through the use of surveys. In this regard, the Danish Road Directorate could find the usefulness while understanding the barriers in the results generated from our study, for supplementing their future data collection strategies. However there are also some methodological limitations that need to be addressed before a broader adoption of textual big data analytics for transport policy decision-making may take place.

关键词： 杜克大学   商业史   出版社   公共政策   欺诈  

摘要： 骗局作者│[美]爱德华·J.巴莱森出版社│格致出版社出版年│2020年7月定价│98元创新,究竟是商业的天使,还是欺诈的魔鬼?本书是一部从未停止与骗子角力的美国商业史,也是在我们每个人身边的商业史。杜克大学历史和公共政策系副教授巴莱森告诉我们美国如何与欺诈斗争。

关键词： 政策转型   社会政策   社会公共政策   福利标准   统筹范围  

摘要： 社会政策转型是对社会转型的积极回应。基于福利标准和统筹范围两个维度可以构建出中国社会政策转型的四阶段模型。其中,社会政策阶段以城乡经济体制改革为源起,社会公共政策阶段起源于社会政策理念与质量的全面提升。社会政策转型原因有三点:社会问题倒逼顶层设计;城乡差距阻碍长远发展;生存需求转向发展需求。社会公共政策的基本属性表现为延续性、适度性和共享性。社会公共政策的转型特征从宏观层面体现为价值理念与行动体系协同转型,从微观层面体现为政策质量的全流程再造。中国依旧处于社会公共政策阶段,需要从以下四点继续夯实政策基础:政策理念上要主体多元,权责分明;政策方法上要积极防范,主动作为;政策内容上要适度普惠,突出重点;政策目标上要机会共享,立足发展。

关键词： 公共政策评价   生态移民   库鲁斯台草原  

摘要： 对生态移民政策进行科学评价,有利于发挥生态移民政策的导向、规范和激励作用,能够促进生态环境的恢复与改善移民群体的生产生活条件。文中在梳理已有的生态移民政策评价研究成果及调研移民办工作人员和移民牧户的基础上,基于邓恩公共政策评价标准,构建6个一级指标和19个二级指标的生态移民政策评价体系,运用层次分析法和模糊综合评价法对库鲁斯台草原生态移民政策实施效果进行综合评价。评价结果表明:库鲁斯台草原生态移民政策取得"较好"的效果,主要依赖于政策的效率性、回应性与适宜性等一级评价标准维度,而政策的效果性、充足性与公平性等评价标准维度则呈现为"一般"。通过分析评价结果为"一般"的评价标准维度,总结出库鲁斯台草原生态移民政策在实施过程中存在的不足之处,并有针对性的提出对策和建议。

关键词： 高等体育院校   体教融合   体教结合   青少年体育   体育教育   公共政策  

摘要： 高等体育院校是我国体育和教育事业的重要组成部分,将作为新时代体教融合战略布局中的高端智库,以办学基础、学科优势、校社融合等特点彰显独特作用。研究以深化高等教育改革为背景进行分析,以问题为导向分析高等体育院校在体育精神培育、体育事业改革、高等教育改革和学科建设等方面的现实困境。体教融合战略拓展了青少年体育、教育、健康等资源的需求规模,高等体育院校应发挥其在体育事业中的独特作用,围绕理念融合、专业融合、方式融合和人才融合,将体教融合作为提升我国高等体育院校地位、提升我国高等体育教育质量的破冰之举。高等体育院校在体教融合政策驱动下,不仅是青少年体育后备人才培养、复合型体育人才培养和输出的主要阵地,还致力于以健康第一理念、智力支撑效用、重点领域治理、先进制度建设和国际引领发展为治理策略,将我国高等体育院校打造成为体教融合的高端智库。