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关键词： COVID-19   crisis   entrepreneurship   healthcare   rural areas  

摘要： Despite the difficulties, entrepreneurship met the socioeconomic challenges by providing solutions to rural areas during the COVID-19 crisis, while healthcare entrepreneurial activity has been adapted to the changing conditions. The Greek rural areas' healthcare enterprises suffer the consequences of the public policies on COVID-19 as their activities have been affected, their turnover has decreased, and liquidity problems have arisen. Entrepreneurs believe that the announced state and European support will help them overcome the implications. However, some of the support measures that have a loan rational will bring enterprises with bank loans to a halt. Indeed, entrepreneurship in rural areas faces multiple problems that they are trying to overcome during the COVID-19 crisis. Uncertainty, insecurity and health scare prevailed. Despite the problems, the enterprises showed resilience and did not cease their operations.

关键词： Multi-agent artificial intelligence   Social simulation   Public policy   Ethics   Morality   Cultural norms  

摘要： Public policies are designed to have an impact on particular societies, yet policy-oriented computer models and simulations often focus more on articulating the policies to be applied than on realistically rendering the cultural dynamics of the target society. This approach can lead to policy assessments that ignore crucial social contextual factors. For example, by leaving out distinctive moral and normative dimensions of cultural contexts in artificial societies, estimations of downstream policy effectiveness fail to account for dynamics that are fundamental in human life and central to many public policy challenges. In this paper, we supply evidence that incorporating morally salient dimensions of a culture is critically important for producing relevant and accurate evaluations of social policy when using multi-agent artificial intelligence models and simulations.

关键词： COVID-19   elective surgery   emergency surgery   pandemic  

摘要： Background: Several public health initiatives in Australia were implemented in March 2020 to contain the spread of COVID-19. The effect of these initiatives on surgical provision is unknown. The primary objective was to determine the effect of public health policies and surgical society guidelines implemented during the pandemic on elective and emergency caseload of surgical specialities operating within South East Queensland. Methods: This observational study utilized non re-identifiable electronic data to quantify the caseload of surgical specialities across five secondary and tertiary referral hospitals in South East Queensland prior to and during the implementation of such initiatives. All patients undergoing a surgical procedure between 1 March and 24 April 2019 and the same period in 2020 were included. Participants' demographic and clinical information, such as age, the American Society of Anesthesiologists score, surgical date and location, surgical subspecialty and procedure name, was included. Results: During the 2020 time period, there were 2991 elective cases compared to 4422 surgeries occurring in the same period in 2019 (32.4% reduction). Meanwhile, 2082 emergency surgeries were performed in the 2020 period compared to 2362 in 2019 (12.0% decrease). Ophthalmology and dental/ear, nose and throat/maxillofacial surgery experienced the largest reduction in elective surgeries, whereas emergency caseload increased for vascular and cardiothoracic services, and only slightly decreased for plastics and urology. Conclusion: The public health initiatives and guidance implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic reduced surgical specialties' elective caseload. However, emergency caseload was not affected to the same extent. This insight helps to guide resource allocation in future waves of the pandemic.

关键词： 涉台公共政策体系   国家治理现代化   两岸融合发展  

摘要： 涉台公共政策体系是由大陆单边主导推进的,以台湾同胞为政策受众的政策体系,在经济、社会等领域逐渐落实台湾同胞同等待遇,使其有效融入大陆国家和社会治理体系。涉台公共政策体系的实质是国家涉台治理体系,是国家治理体系的特殊子系统。它与国家治理现代化有着密切的内在逻辑关联,有利于实现深化两岸融合发展、落实国家统一与推进国家治理现代化的高度有机结合。构建涉台公共政策体系,应在国家治理现代化的框架中进行,着力增强国家涉台治理体系的回应性、开放性与包容性,优化落实统一过程中社会公共资源的供给与配置,促进社会公共利益在两岸人民之间的最大化。

关键词： 西部地区   第三部门   公共政策   制定  

摘要： 目前公共政策研究“范式”逐步转变,第三部门开始在我国发展壮大,逐渐参与公共政策制定,彻底改变了原来由政府领导的单一制、自上而下的权力运行机制,使自下而上的草根参与意识不断增强。尽管在西部大开发战略的背景下,西部地区在各方面取得了快速的发展,由于其特殊的原因限制等,使得公共政策的制定和执行更加复杂,科学性较低。本文从第三部门参与公共政策制定的内涵及其必要性、困境、优化对策三个部分展开论述,以期更好地为西部地区公共政策的制定提供建议,服务于西部地区的政治经济建设。

关键词： 信访工作   公共政策   基层治理创新   冲突与矛盾   信访法治化建设   改革开放进程   深化改革   疑难信访问题  

摘要： 当下,我国改革开放进程正处于深水区,一系列深化改革的公共政策不断推出,受到这些政策的影响,社会各群体间开始发生深层次变化与互动,在这一过程中,社会各群体间的冲突与矛盾也不断增长、激化。进入新时期,我国社会矛盾不断积聚,社会风险不断上升,这一新形势在信访工作中的反映集中体现为疑难信访问题多发且趋于复杂。