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关键词： Investor-State dispute settlement (ISDS)   International investment agreements (IIAs)   Counterclaims   Environmental damage   Human rights  

摘要： In international disputes between investors and host-States, the traditionally asymmetric nature of international investment agreements (IIAs) may prevent States from bringing claims against investors for harm caused, including environmental damage. At the same time, allowing host-State counterclaims for environmental damage is a potentially useful tool for rebalancing the asymmetric nature of IIAs. Yet, in the highly fragmented area of international investment law, the availability of host-State counterclaims is not always clear. This article analyses the procedural and legal bases available for host-State counterclaims for environmental damage, including newly developing human rights and transnational public policy approaches to such claims. The question that this article seeks to evaluate is to what extent host-State counterclaims are available to rebalance the asymmetric relationship between host-States and investors, specifically concerning environmental damage. To answer this question, the article takes a qualitative approach by examining case law, commentary, and the work of international organizations, and applying the results of the research to the specific context of host-State counterclaims for environmental damage. Future developments are also discussed in the context of ongoing multilateral investor-State dispute settlement reform efforts at the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law. There currently exists a window of opportunity for States to seek cooperative, effective multilateral strategies for partially rebalancing the relationship between investment and the environment. The article posits that harmonization of State approaches towards counterclaims for environmental damage is desirable and States should take a permissive approach towards host-State counterclaims for environmental damage in their IIA treaty negotiation practice.

关键词： Economic Policy   European Integration   Social Policy   Labor Economics  

摘要： During the recovery, investing in gender equality is essential: it will lead directly to higher GDP and indirectly to increase human capital and promote a sustainable society. Or Women as economic agents may themselves have an impact on policies: the changing role of women in families and societies and their greater representation in decision making positions contribute to focusing and redirecting the policy agenda toward items that ultimately reduce gender gaps. © 2021, The Author(s).

关键词： Polypharmacy   Prescribing   Primary care   Health policy   Canada  

摘要： The challenges of polypharmacy and inappropriate prescribing are recognized internationally. This study synthesizes and compares the policies related to these issues introduced in Canada's two most popu-lous provinces - Ontario and Quebec - over the first two decades of the 21st century. Drawing on pol-icy documents and consultations with experts, we found that while medication management to address polypharmacy and inappropriate prescribing has not been an explicit and consistent policy target in ei-ther province, some policy changes sought to directly or indirectly impact medication management. These changes include the introduction of primary care teams that include pharmacists, the introduction of a medication review performed by pharmacists (in Ontario), increased emphasis on quality improvement with some attention to potentially inappropriate medications (specifically opioids in Ontario), and invest-ments in information technology to improve communication across providers and move toward electronic prescribing to improve medication safety and appropriateness. Despite growing evidence of the problem of polypharmacy and inappropriate prescribing, there has been limited policy attention targeting these problems directly, and policy changes with potential to improve prescribing and medication management may not have been fully realized. Further research to evaluate the impact of these changes on provider behaviours, and on patient outcomes, warrants attention. (c) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ( http://***/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ )

ISBN: (纸本)9787309156447

关键词： Acacia mangium   Agroforestry   Community silviculture   Environmental management   Farmer empowerment   Livelihood  

摘要： Collective action and capacity building locally are key elements in overcoming poverty through agroforestry and community silviculture. Starting from extreme poverty, degraded soils and a reluctance to plant trees, the communities of Zambrana Abajo in the Dominican Republic were able to confront and change repressive forestry policies, obtaining the first legal right amongst smallholders to harvest timber and establish new livelihoods related to forestry and agroforestry. This study was carried out in order to identify the success factors and the lessons learned in this process. Qualitative research methods were used, including participant observation, review of literature, in-depth interviews with key informants, and semi-structured interviews guided by the Community Capitals Framework. It was found that community participation, local knowledge and the authorities' recognition of it had an impact on forestry policy and overcoming poverty through livelihood diversification thanks to harvesting the species Acacia mangium Willd. The level of understanding about the benefits of trees influenced farmers' decisions to participate in agroforestry and community silviculture projects. The possibility of harvesting timber also influenced farmers' decision to participate and in the diffusion of this initiative to other parts of the country. These findings demonstrate that human capital and its recognition are relevant in improving quality of life for families and improving the natural environment.

关键词： 文化创意产业   文化传媒   产业形态   人工智能   知识产权   广播影视   新兴产业   云计算  

摘要： 随着互联网、云计算、人工智能、5G等新兴技术的出现,近年来我国数字经济进入了一个全新的发展阶段。同时,数字经济完善的商业基础设施、科技创新氛围和不断扩张的新型消费市场有力地推动了我国文化创意产业的发展。文化创意产业是一种在经济全球化背景下产生的以创造力为核心的新兴产业,其强调一种主体文化通过技术、创意和产业化的方式开发、营销知识产权的行业。文化创意产业包含多种不同类型的产业形态,如广播影视、游戏动漫、文化传媒、视觉艺术、表演艺术、工艺与设计、环境艺术、服装设计、计算机和软件服务等。

关键词： 目标责任制   官员理性行为   公共服务动机   公共政策  

摘要： 目标责任制是公共政策研究领域的重点和难点。本文以G省农村危房改造政策为例,通过观察政策设计、政策执行和政策监督等环节,探究目标责任制、官员理性行为对政策效果的作用机理,并试图突破固有研究范式探寻一个新的逻辑进行诠释。研究发现:政策主体都有一定的公共服务动机,构成驱动政策设计臻于完善和执行趋于有效的正向动力(M);而目标责任制特别是其中的目标分解及考核压力,构成政策主体被迫权衡乃至选择策略性行为的负向阻力(R)。实践中这两种力量始终处于博弈状态,当政策主体的公共服务动力强于目标考核所带来的阻力(M>R)时,政策实施趋于理想;而当两者力量相当(M≈R)时,政策效果呈现不稳定状态;当前者不抵后者(M

关键词： 公共政策研究   背景与意义   疫情   组织架构   潜伏期   自身特征   传播方式  

摘要： 引言研究背景与意义新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情自2019年12月暴发后,以传播能力强、传播方式多、潜伏期长、症状复杂等特点,半年内导致全球超过千万人确诊,在世界范围内引发了生理安全、人际关系、社会组织架构等方面观念与认知的巨大变化,促使各国政府进一步思考治理机制与方法,结合自身特征采取了不同的公共政策予以应对。不同政府、不同学者对于"公共政策"有着不同的定义和理解。

关键词： 5G   基础设施   公共政策  

摘要： 5G以其“大带宽、低时延、多连接”的技术特点,推动信息通信技术发展,对物联网、工业互联网等新型产业应用场景具有支撑作用,已成为我国城市高质量发展阶段的重要战略。因5G建设涉及多个政府职能部门,政府公共政策的合理性和创新性对5G建设的效率和安全具有重要的保障意义。深圳作为国内启动5G建设和正式商用的第一批城市,具备良好的5G基础设施体系。研究其5G基础设施公共政策及效应,对国内其他启动5G建设的城市具有借鉴作用。