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关键词： Corridor   Circuit theory   Protected areas   Jaguar conservation   Landscape connectivity   Least-cost path  

摘要： Context Land use change, habitat loss and fragmentation are the major threats to jaguar conservation in Latin America. Here, we integrate the information of jaguar's distribution to identify priority areas for its conservation. Objective We evaluated the effect of topographic, anthropogenic and landscape variables on habitat suitability to evaluate potential core areas and biological corridors for jaguar conservation across Mexico. Methods We compiled a database of jaguar occurrence records, geospatial data-set of all Natural Protected Areas and using the expert criterion of the Mexican jaguar specialists to define Jaguar Geographic Regions;i.e. well-defined large units with similar ecological characteristics across the geographic range of jaguars in Mexico. We then conducted analyses of ecological niche models to identify Jaguar Conservation Units;i.e. core units with jaguar populations of 15 or more individuals. We used Least Cost Path and Circuit Theory analyses to define the Biological Corridors;i.e. regions with enough habitat to allow for jaguar dispersal along their geographic range, but putting emphasis in connecting Jaguar Conservation Units. Results We identified 5 Jaguar Geographic Regions (JGRs), 10 Jaguar Conservation Units (JCUs), and 13 Biological Corridors to maintain the connectivity of jaguar's populations across their whole geographic range in Mexico. Our results showed that JGRs cover 25% of the country but only 21% of those regions are currently protected in nature reserves. So, our study illustrates the importance of the creation of new protected areas or the implementation of other schemes of conservation to protect larger extensions of the jaguars' habitat in Mexico. It also indicates that despite the reduction of jaguar range in Mexico, there are still relatively large and well conserved areas capable of maintaining jaguar populations. Conclusions Our results are a fundamental tool to guide the conservation and management of jaguars in Mexic

关键词： Brazil   regional development   tropical bioeconomy   research needs   sustainability   social development   public policy  

摘要： The bioeconomy presents an amazing opportunity for developing countries to promote economic and social development. It provides a real possibility for the production, conversion, and environmentally sustainable use of natural resources. Several countries have integrated the bioeconomy into their policy strategies worldwide, encouraged by recent advances and future perspectives in bio-science and biotechnology, with strong potential to boost economic output. However, making the most of the bioeconomy, and achieving its real benefits, will require new and innovative approaches in science, technology development, and business, and global policies and regulatory frameworks strongly focused on social development and the conservation and preservation of environmental resources. To explore this new scenario, a technological roadmapping exercise was performed during June 2015 and June 2018, involving more than 1500 experts, including researchers, technical experts from the private sector, policymakers, and stakeholders. The main results outline opportunities and technological drivers in research, development, demonstration, and deployment (RDD&D), focusing on regional development for 13 strategic areas of tropical bioeconomy in Sao Paulo State, Brazil, including the main public policy needs for the development of the bioeconomy. (c) 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

关键词： Immigration   Singapore   Language planning and policy   Mother tongue   Public policy   Incrementalism   Punctuated equilibrium   Genealogy  

摘要： This paper suggests an explicatory model for language policy reform (or lack thereof) at the level of the state. This is accomplished by assessing the value of the 'punctuated equilibrium' model of public policy analysis (Howlett and Migone, Policy and Society 30(1):53-62, 2011), which I argue can be strengthened by a genealogical approach (Foucault, Social Science Information 10(2):7-30, 1971). Singapore's Mother Tongue (MT) policy is used as a case for illustration. There is a consensus amongst local linguists (e.g. Tan, World Englishes 33(3):319-339, 2014;Wee, Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education 35(5):649-660, 2014) that the current MT policy of assigning an official MT based on one's race is essentialist and untenable in light of language shift toward English and increasing diversity through immigration. Using the model, the MT policy is argued to be part of a larger system of policies that maintain a particular understanding of racial equality through a unique brand of multiracialism. The pressures of increasing immigration and diversity are insufficient as exogenous shocks that might lead to changes to the MT policy. Instead, partisan interests in maintaining this brand of multiracialism serves to entrench existing ethnolinguistic policy positions, contributing to inertia in language policy reform.

关键词： economic dynamics   public policy   resilience   viability theory  

摘要： Policy problems are typically formulated as optimization problems. Governments are conceptualized as optimizing agents. Risky situations are modelled as outcomes with known probabilities. Under 'radical' uncertainty, this model collapses because possible outcomes and their probabilities are unknown. Public policy must then build resilience to 'unknown unknowns'. Viability theory offers a superior tool for such situations than optimization. The width of the viability kernel represents a mathematical expression for the degree of resilience to unknown shocks. Policy then aims at suitable investments that expand the viability kernel. We demonstrate the design of policy using viability theory with a simple model.

关键词： 公共政策   研究   美国  

ISBN: (数字)9787208170667 ISBN: (纸本)9787208170667

摘要： 美国的政策制定为何重富轻贫？如果一个国家的政府只对富人的偏好做出反应，那么这个国家还能成为一个民主国家吗？在一个理想的民主国家，所有公民都应该对政府政策有平等的影响，但正如本书所展示的，美国的政策制定者几乎只对经济上处于优势地位的人的偏好做出反应。 本书以敏锐的分析和令人印象深刻的数据，审视了数以千计的政策改革提案，以及穷人、中产阶层和富裕的美国人对每项政策的支持程度。 本书的发现是惊人的：当低收入或中等收入的美国人的偏好与富人的偏好不一致时，政策结果与处境较差的群体的愿望之间几乎没有关系，相反，富裕的美国人的偏好与政策结果表现出高度的一致性。 本书还表明，这种代表性的不平等广泛分布在不同的政策领域和时间段，并且受到利益集团、政党和选举的影响。

关键词： 互联网大数据   公共政策制定   影响   提升路径  

摘要： 随着互联网时代大数据以及通讯信息技术的不断迅猛发展,网络已发展成为我国公民与地方政府信息交流的重要信息平台,"网络问政"日益广泛成为推进我国政府公共政策方案制定的一个重要途径。本文提出通过互联网数据技术分析数据信息,能为政府决策提供参考依据、降低决策风险、提高决策水平,使得决策更加科学、高效、合理,管理更加公平、公正、公开。互联网大数据下,我国民众接受信息的方式也变得多种多样,使得每一项政府决策都暴露在民众的视线之中。决策稍有不慎就会影响政府的公信力,使得政府出现信任危机。大数据时代的到来既能让政府决策更加科学,也会让政府决策更具挑战。

关键词： 乡村振兴   乡村创业   行为公共政策   政策工具   大学生创业  

摘要： 近年来,为了巩固脱贫攻坚成果、推动乡村全面高质量发展,国家持续完善乡村振兴政策体系,营造了良好的政策环境。以乡村创业为例,面向大学生群体的政策供给的力度较大,然而政策供给和大学生乡村创业需求之间仍存在着供需不匹配的情况。基于行为公共政策的视角,结合前期的政策调研和深度访谈,利用调查实验重点探究政策内容和行为政策工具对实现政策行为效应的影响,考察大学生乡村创业政策的实现机制及其提升机制。研究发现(1)在主效应方面,人才层面、财政层面和基础设施层面政策对大学生乡村创业政策行为效应有着正向影响,三者之间无显著差异,而说道型工具、激励型工具和助推型工具会带来正向影响,且后两者的提升效果较为明显;(2)在交互效应方面,激励型和助推型工具对于提升基础设施层面和人才层面政策行为效应的作用较为明显。针对以上结论,为提升乡村振兴战略背景下大学生乡村创业的政策效能,建议政府应当精准施策满足大学生“因时而异”的利益诉求,善用行为政策工具提升政策行为效应,以及通过多方合作搭建良好的信息桥梁。

关键词： 政策叙事   叙事结构   叙事竞争   叙事式政策框架  

摘要： 受西方社会科学“叙事转向”的影响,公共政策叙事研究经历了从萌芽到兴盛的演进历程,发展出了包括叙事式政策框架在内的一系列理论。全面梳理和系统阐释政策叙事的基本内涵、微观结构与动态过程、影响因素、结果变量、作用机理等内容,回顾政策叙事研究的沿革脉络,探讨政策叙事研究的缘起、关键议题与核心,发现政策叙事在揭开公共政策过程“迷纱”、推动政策学习、促进政策扩散等方面具有重要作用。未来公共政策叙事研究需要拓展不同政策领域中的研究,深化公共政策中共识性研究,加强政策叙事与政府治理关系的研究,以及推动中国情境下的本土化研究。

关键词： 韩国   小学课后托管   公共政策   公共价值  

摘要： 小学课后托管政策是关乎社会公众利益的公共决策,深度系统推进课后托管政策改革可以疏解课后托管困境,实现社会利益均衡。近年来,核心家庭的育儿困境及课外辅导衍生的社会问题愈加凸显,迫切要求韩国政府加快推进课后托管政策,提升小学托管教室的教育效能,实现课后服务由福祉政策向教育政策转变。文在寅总统上任后,将该民生工程升级为国政课题,纳入社会保障体系和公共服务领域的着力点,提升政策的公共性、合法性、有效性和可行性,释放公共政策价值,然而暴露出了专项法律缺失、教师负重问题突出、评价体系模糊等价值风险。为优化小学课后服务政策、科学有效解决“三点半难题”,我国应借鉴韩国经验,规避其风险,制定公共政策价值凸显的课后服务规划和标准,配套价值一贯性的政策体系,构建价值共同体的多元合作模式。

关键词： 流量效应   粉丝经济   流量明星   公共政策   食品安全规制  

摘要： 近年来,随着“粉丝经济”与“线上销售”的兴起,各大食品品牌纷纷通过“流量明星”为自己的品牌代言,利用流量效应,大幅度提高自己产品的销量。但是这一现象也对政府食品安全规制提出了更大的挑战。本文通过分析流量明星代言食品品牌产生的流量效应以及流量效应冲击下对政府食品安全规制提出的挑战,为政府如何利用“流量效应”对食品安全进行规制提供参考与建议。