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关键词： Green infrastructure typologies   Field measurement   Thermal-irradiant performance   Mean radiant temperature (MRT)   Outdoor thermal comfort   Subtropical climate  

摘要： Greenery infrastructure (GI) is an important design strategy for sustainable cities and communities' development, as it brings multiple benefits including mitigating urban heat island. Based on the implementation locations, three typical GI typologies, namely green roof, green wall, and ground tree, are widely adopted in urban communities. As previous studies focused on one single GI and mainly studied their thermal features, this study aims to fill the gap by investigating three GI typologies within one site;their thermal-irradiant performance was compared for four typical summer days in a subtropical city. Firstly, stationary and transect measurements were taken for six points (three greenery and three bare points);two typical measuring methods, i.e., the globe thermometer and the six-directional methods, were employed to collect irradiant variables. Secondly, the thermal-irradiant differences were revealed among GI typologies and temporal periods;two measuring methods were compared for their capabilities in detecting the irradiant variations near three GI typologies. Results showed that: 1) the ground tree experienced the smallest thermal-irradiant average and variation among three GI typologies;2) the morning session (09:00-12:00) had the largest thermal-irradiant reduction and variations for three GI typologies: and 3) the six-directional method showed higher sensitivity towards the irradiant variations near three GI typologies;the globe thermometer method is not suitable for tree-shaded areas. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of proper selection of MRT measuring methods and GI implementation for thermal comfort, especially for the subtropical cities. Practically, this study shows designers and policymakers on how to implement GI typologies for climate-resilient design. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Epigallocatechin-3-gallate   Inflammation   Atherosclerosis   Polyphenol   T cells  

摘要： T cells secrete several inflammatory cytokines that play a critical role in the progression of atherosclerosis. Although green tea epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-atherosclerotic effects in animals, few studies have identified the mechanism underlying these effects in human primary T cells. This study investigated the pathway involved in EGCG modulation of cytokine secretion in activated human primary T cells. We pre-treated human primary T cells with EGCG (0.1, 1, 5, 10, and 20 mu M) for 4 h and incubated them with or without phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and ion-omycin (P/I) for 20 h. The cytokine production, activator protein (AP)-1 binding activity, and level of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, and Western blotting, respectively. At 10 and 20 mM, EGCG decreased interleukin (IL)-2 levels by 26.0% and 38.8%, IL-4 levels by 41.5% and 55.9%, INF-gamma levels by 31.3% and 34.7%, and tumor-necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha levels by 23.0% and 37.6%, respectively. In addition, the level of phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal (p-JNK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK) was decreased, but not the level of p-p38 MAPK. EGCG did not alter any of the total protein amounts, suggesting a selective effect on specific types of MAPKs in stimulated human T cells. EGCG tended to inactivate AP-1 DNA-binding activity. The P/I-induced production of IL-2, IL-4, INF-gamma, and TNF-alpha by human T cells was suppressed by AP-1 inhibitor in a concentration-dependent manner. In conclusion, EGCG suppressed cytokine secretion in activated human primary T cells, and this effect was likely mediated by AP-1 inactivation through the ERK and JNK, but not p38 MAPK, pathways. These results may be related to the mechanisms through which EGCG inhibits immune- or inflammation-related atherogenesis. (C) 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.

关键词： PCNSL   PD-1   PD-L1   PD-L2   IDO1   EBER  

摘要： Background Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and its ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2, as well as Indoleamine 2,3-deoxygenase (IDO1) can be expressed both by tumor and microenvironmental cells and are crucial for tumor immune escape. We aimed to evaluate the role of PD-1, its ligands and IDO1 in a cohort of patients with primary diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the CNS (PCNSL). Material and methods Tissue microarrays (TMAs) were constructed in 45 PCNSL cases. RNA extraction from whole tissue sections and RNA sequencing were successfully performed in 33 cases. Immunohistochemical stainings for PD-1, PD-L1/paired box protein 5 (PAX-5), PD-L2/PAX-5 and IDO1, and Epstein-Barr virus encoding RNA (EBER) in situ hybridization were analyzed. Results High proportions of PD-L1 and PD-L2 positive tumor cells were observed in 11% and 9% of cases, respectively. High proportions of PD-L1 and PD-L2 positive leukocytes were observed in 55% and 51% of cases, respectively. RNA sequencing revealed that gene expression of IDO1 was high in patients with high proportion of PD-L1 positive leukocytes (p = .01). Protein expression of IDO1 in leukocytes was detected in 14/45 cases, in 79% of these cases a high proportion of PD-L1 positive leukocytes was observed. Gene expression of IDO1 was high in EBER-positive cases (p = .0009) and protein expression of IDO1 was detected in five of six EBER-positive cases. Conclusion Our study shows a significant association between gene and protein expression of IDO1 and protein expression of PD-L1 in the tumor microenvironment of PCNSL, possibly of importance for prediction of response to immunotherapies.