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关键词： clitics   comprehension   cross-linguistic influence   language processing   morphosyntactic variation  

摘要： The current study investigates cross-linguistic influence of second language (L2) learning on native language (L1) processing of morphosyntactic variation in proficient L2 learners immersed in their L1. Despite Spanish pre- and postverbal clitic pronoun positions being grammatical in complex verb phrases, preferences of use have been well attested in naturalistic language production. To examine whether those preferences obtain for comprehension in monolinguals, as well as how those preferences might be modulated by learning an L2 with fixed pronoun positions, we administered a self-paced reading experiment to 20 Spanish monolinguals as well as 22 proficient learners English (L1 Spanish). The results of a Bayesian mixed effects regression analysis suggest that preferences in production are echoed in comprehension-but only for the monolingual group. We find support for facilitation in the bilingual group precisely where both languages overlap, as well as evidence that bilinguals may not use clitic position as a reliable cue at all. We interpret the results as evidence that learning an L2 that lacks variation for a particular feature may lead to reduced sensitivity to that feature as a cue in an analogous L1 structure. We situate these results in an experience-based, shared-syntax account of language processing.

关键词： 语言学  

ISBN: (纸本)9787030663849

摘要： 词典对比研究是理论词典学研究中的一个重要内容，尤其是同一类型词典的语际对比研究非常重要。本书的研究对象是《现代汉语词典》1-7版以及《简明牛津词典》1-12版。《现代汉语词典》与《简明牛津词典》在词典类型、词典形象以及在各自国家词典编纂场景中所具有的文化地位基本相同，具有很强的可比性。本书从语际间词典对比视角，采用系统词典学的观点，描写、分析、讨论传统词典编纂模式下的《现代汉语词典》与《简明牛津词典》在微观结构方面所体现出的系统性特点，探究语文词典微观结构中各信息模块间的结构性、层次性以及相互关系。通过两部词典相关版本的语际对比，可以更加清楚地展现汉、英通用型语文词典在微观结构上的同与异，短与长；从而有助于汉语词典编纂者对我国语文词典编纂情况进行理性判断，对相关词典编纂范式进行选择性扬弃。这在一定程度上有助于优化我国的语文词典编纂实践，并丰富我国语文辞书编纂理论的研究。

关键词： Minimum adjustment consensus   Large scale group decision making (LSGDM)   Reliability degree   Two-dimension 2-tuple linguistic (TD2L) expression  

摘要： Consensus reaching processes (CRPs) have been required to assure the consensus in large scale group decision making (LSGDM). Opinion reliability detection has been demanded to ensure the trustworthiness of the original information and different information modeling approaches have facilitated it in which two dimensional linguistic (TDL) information has an outstanding place. The reliability degree of original opinions elicited by TDL expressions is often given in advance as subjective evaluation, and after adjustment during CRP, the reliability of the adjusted opinions is often neglected especially for automatic CRP, which may lead to unreliable decisions. In real decision making, considering the interest of decision makers (DMs) themselves, the self-assessment of the DMs on the reliability of the given opinions could be easily manipulated by DMs. To reduce the subjectivity of the decision making, we propose a method to obtain objectively the reliability of the adjusted opinions through a two-stage minimum cost consensus model based on 2-tuple linguistic additive preference relations. Firstly, a support degree (SD)-based clustering method will be developed for classifying DMs into several subgroups to make more manageable the large number of DMs. Subsequently, a two-stage minimum adjustment consensus model will be presented to improve the consensus level (CL) gradually. Eventually, the adjusted opinions will be presented as two-dimension 2-tuple linguistic (TD2L) information. A comparative performance analysis of this CRP based LSGDM approach will be provided to show its effectiveness.

关键词： Mild Cognitive Impairment   Dementia   Language and speech analyses   NLP Techniques   Linguistic bio-marker  

摘要： Almost 50 million people are living with dementia in 2018 worldwide, and the number will double every 20 years. The effectiveness of existing pharmacologic treatments for the disease is limited to symptoms control, and none of them are able to prevent, reverse or turn off the neurodegenerative process that leads to dementia;therefore, a prompt detection of the "disease signature" is a key problem, in order to develop and test new drugs and to support the management of clinical and domestic context. Recent studies showed that linguistic alterations may be one of the earliest signs of the pathology, years before other neurocognitive deficits become evident. Traditional tests fail to identify these slight but noticeable changes;whereas, the analysis of spoken language productions by Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques can ecologically and inexpensively identify minor language modifications in potential patients. This interdisciplinary study aims at quantifying and describing alterations of linguistic features due to cognitive decline and build an automatic system for early diagnosis and screening purpose. To this aim, we enrolled 96 participants: 48 healthy controls and 48 impaired subjects. Of the latter, 32 was diagnosed with Mild Cognitive Impairment and 16 with early Dementia (eD). Each subject underwent a brief neuropsychological screening, and samples of semi-spontaneous speech productions was collected by means of three elicitation tasks. Recorded sessions were orthographically transcribed, PoS tagged and parsed building two different corpora: in the first we kept the automatic annotations, while in the second the transcripts were manually corrected in order to remove all mistakes. A multidimensional parameter computation was performed on the data, taking into consideration a set of 87 acoustical, rhythmical, morpho-syntactic and lexical feature as well as some readability indexes and demographic information. After these preparatory steps, some automati

关键词： 手语传译   诺德文本分析模式   翻译技巧  

摘要： 本报告是一份学术文本英汉翻译实践报告,翻译素材是2016年由Jemina Napier所作的《手语传译中的语言学应对策略》前两章。我国聋人群体庞大,相当一部分聋人在与听人交流时,需要依靠手语传译员的帮助,但我国目前的手语传译实践和研究较少。因此,译者的翻译实践具有一定的现实意义。根据《手语传译中的语言学应对策略》的词汇、句法以及语篇特征,译者选择了诺德的文本分析模式作为理论指导。通过对原文文外因素的分析,译者发现译文和原文的功能都是为其读者提供手语传译相关资料。通过对原文文内因素的分析,译者在词汇层面上需解决的翻译困难主要有:术语、非谓语动词、介词、代词和修辞结构的翻译。在借助Ant Conc统计出平均句长以及“be+动词过去分词”结构在原文中出现的频率后,译者在句法层面上需解决的翻译困难主要有:复合句、复杂句和被动句的翻译。译者在超音段层面上需解决的困难主要是破折号和圆括号的处理。在诺德的文本分析模式指导下,为了提高译文的准确性,译者运用增译、省译、词性转换、注释、显化、隐化等翻译技巧解决了词汇层面的翻译困难;为了增强译文的可读性,译者运用语序调整、语态转换、分句等翻译技巧解决了句法层面的翻译困难;为了提高译文的流畅性,译者运用破折号转化为语言文字、保留或去除圆括号等技巧解决了超音段层面的转换困难。此翻译报告总结出了学术文本汉译时常见的困难,并在诺德文本分析模式指导下详细论述了对策,可以为从诺德文本分析模式等视角,探讨学术文本汉译的学者提供翻译技巧上的启示。译者还希望为手语传译员和进行手语传译研究的人,提供一些有价值的资料,让手语传译中的语言学策略得到更多学者的关注和重视。

关键词： 鸽子精   网络流行语   社会语言学   影响  

摘要： 在社会飞速发展背景之下,互联网的使用非常频繁,网络流行语应运而生。网络流行语作为一种特殊的语言,可以作为时代的象征,不同的社会背景有着不同的网络流行语。本文拟从社会语言学的角度对网络流行语进行研究,以"鸽子精"为例,分析网络流行语产生和流行的原因及其对人们日常生活的影响。

关键词： 生态语言学   环境新闻报道   抹除   突显   生态哲学观  

摘要： 近年来,随着各国经济的发展,环境污染问题也日益增多。各个国家也因此更加注重报道本国的环境问题。与此同时,生态语言学发展也日益迅猛,旨在通过对语言的研究来揭示环境与语言之间的关系,鼓励人们保护环境。本文基于Stibbe生态语言学理论中的抹除和突显,通过对中英两国媒体新华社和泰晤士报中环境新闻的比较分析,旨在找到两国报道环境新闻的特点,分析其背后的生态观。在对30篇新闻报道的数据和案例进行分析后,本文发现:中英两国在环境问题上关注的范围都很广,包括污染的成因,解决污染的措施,以及两国对污染的态度等。新华社倾向于直面问题,突显PM2.5或空气污染作为环境污染的主要成因。在报道上,较少使用一般过去时和将来时。相对于新华社的报道,泰晤士报较少涉及针对环境问题所采取的措施,倾向于抹去本国政府需要承担的社会责任。此外,它删略一般现在时和现在进行时,蓄意保护能带来经济利益的工厂企业。中英两国环境报道的突显特征体现在:新华社更关注大范围区域及各大城市的环境状况,以及各地区间存在的竞争意识。新华社还强调法律的重要性及立法者的责任。泰晤士报关注受影响的公民和不同职业民众的生活状况,关注环境问题的原因,并倾听不同社会组织的声音。基于以上发现,从多元和谐、互利共生的生态哲学观出发,作者认为两国媒体报道环境问题的方式可以各取所长、相互借鉴。中国记者尊重法律和权威,提出解决环境问题的切实措施。而英国媒体更多地关注个体,探寻环境问题的具体原因,倾向于倾听不同社会组织的声音。作为人类命运共同体,两国的媒体应相互借鉴各自的优点,弘扬绿色发展,以更好向公众传播健康的生态保护理念。本研究从生态语言学角度对环境新闻报道进行探索,希望有助于读者更好地了解Stibbe理论中的抹除和突显,为之后环境新闻报道的研究提供一些思路,进一步增强公民的环境保护意识。

关键词： 高校英语   翻译教学   模糊语言学  

摘要： 对学生来讲,英语知识的学习贯穿整个学习生涯,对英语翻译而言,模糊语言学在其中的作用不容小觑。对高校英语翻译教学而言,模糊语言学实现了新的篇章,在翻译英语的时候,老师、学生、译文都是其中的关键内容,是学习翻译过程中的重要元素。对学生来讲,英语翻译主要是对学生不同语言的转化能力,依托自身理解的语言情况进行有效的置换,然后通过另一种语言有效表达,在此过程中,学生需要有效处理和分析语言,最终实现良好的翻译效果。纵观当前高校英语翻译教学,依然存在一定的不足,本文首先研究了高校英语翻译教学现状,然后探讨了模糊语言学视角下如何更好地开展高校英语翻译教学。

关键词： Acoustics   Bit error rate   Linguistics   Task analysis   Training   Decoding   Data models   BERT   end-to-end modeling   low-resource ASR   pre-training   wav2vec  

摘要： End-to-end models have achieved impressive results on the task of automatic speech recognition (ASR). For low-resource ASR tasks, however, labeled data can hardly satisfy the demand of end-to-end models. Self-supervised acoustic pre-training has already shown its impressive ASR performance, while the transcription is still inadequate for language modeling in end-to-end models. In this work, we fuse a pre-trained acoustic encoder (wav2vec2.0) and a pre-trained linguistic encoder (BERT) into an end-to-end ASR model. The fused model only needs to learn the transfer from speech to language during fine-tuning on limited labeled data. The length of the two modalities is matched by a monotonic attention mechanism without additional parameters. Besides, a fully connected layer is introduced for the hidden mapping between modalities. We further propose a scheduled fine-tuning strategy to preserve and utilize the text context modeling ability of the pre-trained linguistic encoder. Experiments show our effective utilizing of pre-trained modules. Our model achieves better recognition performance on CALLHOME corpus (15 hours) than other end-to-end models.

关键词： 中成药   西药   名称比较  

摘要： 中成药和西药的名称体现了中西方语言文化的差异，可从语音、文字、词汇、语法、语用五个方面比较常见中成药和西药的名称。语音上，前者多为五音节和高声调，后者多为六音节和低声调；用字上，前者使用频率最高的数字是“五”,汉字是“清”,后者使用频率最高的数字是“二”,汉字是“酸”;用词上，前者多为“丸剂”,蕴含哲学思想，后者多为“片剂”,体现工具理性；语法上，前者的语法结构有主谓、动宾和偏正等，后者多为音译，结构单一；语用上，前者修辞手法包括比喻、夸张和借代，后者基本不采用修辞手法。