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关键词： Pronouns   Semantic universals   Co-lexicalisation   Social cognition   NSM semantics  

摘要： This paper explores "we-words" in the languages of the world, using the NSM method of semantic analysis. A simply phrased, cross-translatable explication for English 'we' [1pl] is proposed, suitable also for other languages with a single we-word. At the same time, it is argued that English 'we' co-lexicalises a second distinct meaning "we two" [1du], and that the same goes for other languages with a single we-word. The two explications are identical, except for being based on ALL and TWO, respectively. Both explications involve components of "I-inclusion" (roughly, 'I am one of them') and "subjective identification" (roughly, 'I'm thinking about them all in the same way'). It is argued, furthermore, that both meanings ("we-all" and "we-two") are likely to be found in all languages. To establish this, one has to take account of languages which manifest the "inclusive/exclusive" distinction. For such languages, evidence suggests that one of the two we-words contains a semantic component of "you-inclusion", while the other is semantically unmarked. Languages whose "we words" encode kinship relations are also briefly considered. The analysis has implications for the typology of pronoun systems, for theorising about human social cognition, and for the lexical semantics of key social concepts. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Group decisions and negotiations   Large group decision-making   Probabilistic linguistic term set   Choquet integral operator   Generalized Shapley values  

摘要： The probabilistic linguistic term set (PLTS) is an effective tool for properly modelling the uncertainty and complexity of participants' linguistic preferences. Considering that some participants do not give evaluation information in the large group decision-making (LGDM) problem, PLTS can express many participants' preferences with incompleteness more appropriately. Due to the existence of interest subgroups and non-independent criteria in the LGDM problem, this paper proposes a new probabilistic linguistic LGDM method to analyse the interactions among interest subgroups and the interrelationships among criteria. First, a transformation model that converts many scattered linguistic terms into probabilistic linguistic term sets (PLTSs) is proposed, and it can keep participants' true feelings as complete as possible. Then, the probabilistic linguistic Choquet average (PLCA) operator and the generalized Shapley probabilistic linguistic Choquet average (GS-PLCA) operator are proposed to aggregate the PLTSs from different subgroups for different alternatives with respect to various criteria. These proposed operators can appropriately handle the games played among the different interest subgroups. Moreover, the generalized Shapely probabilistic linguistic TODIM (GS-PLTODIM) method is developed, and it considers the heterogeneous relationships among the criteria. In addition, the novel LGDM method is constructed based on the GS-PLCA operator and the GS-PLTODIM method to solve LGDM problems with interacting subgroups and interrelated criteria. Last, as one of the LGDM problems, the Beijing subway pricing case is used to illustrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed LGDM method compared to some other existing methods. The proposed LGDM method will be shown to be applicable not only to this case but also to other LGDM problems.

关键词： English for research Publication purposes   Genre   Graduate students   Revision strategy   Term paper  

摘要： The need for genre literacy is increasingly becoming evident in academic writing courses, particularly in the realm of research article (RA) writing. This paper documents RA genre-literacy informed revisions English as an Additional Language (EAL) graduate students applied to improve their term-paper assignments in the form of RAs following their participation in a series of genre-based research paper writing workshops in Applied Linguistics. Drawing upon insights from the revision strategy frameworks of Allal and Chanquoy (2003) and Willey and Tanimoto (2012), we developed a six-category taxonomy consisting of addition, deletion, reformulation, substitution, translocation, and expansion genre-based revision strategies. Using the prevailing genre-based frameworks, we compared the earlier and revised drafts of twelve RAs composed by Iranian graduate students to account for the strategies they employed to redraft each section of papers in terms of move-step realization. This study found that expansion, reformulation, and addition were the most commonly used genre-based revision strategies. In addition, the findings revealed that moves in introduction and discussion sections included the highest number of genre-based revisions. Through introducing genre-oriented RA revision strategies, this study calls for further attempts to promote the integration of genre literacy into English for Research Publication Purposes courses. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： 语言学  

ISBN: (纸本)9787030638403

摘要： 本书共有十九个单元，大致按照从古至今的时间顺序、文学发展的内在逻辑和文本类别进行编排。选篇的“赏析”部分注重综合性，“思考与练习”部分注重启发性。本书着眼于经典作品，有助于提高非汉语言文学专业学生的阅读、理解、表达和写作水平。

关键词： aggregation operators   COVID-19   emergency decision making   TOPSIS   Z-uncertain probabilistic linguistic variable  

摘要： Probabilistic linguistic term sets (PLTSs) have many applications in the field of group decision making (GDM) because it includes both linguistic evaluation and probabilistic distribution when expressing preference information. However, the difference of information credibility in PLTSs is ignored, resulting in an inaccurate representation of decision information and unreasonable probability calculation. In this paper, we first consider the credibility of the information and propose the concept ofZ-uncertain probabilistic linguistic variables (Z-UPLVs). Subsequently, the operational rules, normalization, distance and similarity measures, and comparison method ofZ-UPLVs are introduced. Then, a probability calculation method based on credibility, an extended TOPSIS method, and some operators are proposed, which can be applied to emergency decision making in theZ-uncertain probabilistic linguistic (Z-UPL) environment. Finally, an emergency decision-making case of COVID-19 patients and comparative analysis illustrate the necessity and effectiveness of this method.

关键词： 语言学  

ISBN: (纸本)9787310059638

摘要： 本书为知名学者、语言学教授石锋的自选集，主要内容为作者几十年从事教学和学术研究的随笔、序言类文章50余篇，包括已发表的通识性论文、为自己及学生的论著所撰写的序言、为大百科全书撰写的条目初稿、主持国内外刊物专号专栏的主持语、主持学术会议以及编委会的发言、学术讨论的微信内容选编、博士论文答辩纪要、纪念师友和学生的悼文、指导的博士论文题目和内容提要等。涉及的领域包括了语音学、音韵学、语言的演化、民族语言与文化等。

关键词： Numeral systems   Linguistic relativity   Numerical cognition   Numeral classifiers   Numerical notation  

摘要： Number systems constitute one of the major domains in which language is seen as a source of variation in cognition. The notion that the features of a language's numeral system index cognitive complexity has been pervasive in anthropological linguistics since the nineteenth century. In particular, languages with small numerical vocabularies have attracted enormous interest, but other features where linguistic relativity is invoked include systemic irregularity and the presence of multiple parallel numeral systems (numeral classifiers and object-specific counting). Quite independently, the comparison of graphic numerical notations has imputed cognitive advantages, such as the idea that the Roman numerals limited mathematical progress. These discussions of linguistic relativity have been interwoven with issues of social complexity;in place of a pure language-thought relationship, the discussion has been framed through a triad of language, cognition, and social structure. To evaluate whether and how lexical numerals and numerical notations affect numerical cognition, an activity-based explanatory model is proposed in which materiality, discourse, and practice mutually constitute knowledge systems. This allows us to move past the idea that language structure has direct cognitive effects, without denying that language is relevant to numerical cognition. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

ISBN: (纸本)9787505750678

关键词： Bonferroni mean (BM)   2-dimensional uncertain linguistic variables   Multi-attribute decision making  

摘要： The dual generalized Bonferroni mean operator is a further extension of the generalized Bonferroni mean operator which can take the interrelationship of different numbers of attributes into account by changing the embedded parameter. The 2-dimensional uncertain linguistic variable (2DULV) adds a second dimensional uncertain linguistic variable (ULV) to express the reliability of the assessment information in first dimensional information, which is more rational and accurate than the ULV. In this paper, for combining the advantages of them, we propose the dual generalized weighted Bonferroni mean operator for 2DULVs (2DULDGWBM) and the dual generalized weighted Bonferroni geometric mean operator for 2DULVs (2DULDGWBGM). In addition, we explore several particular cases and some rational characters of them. Further, a new approach is introduced to handle multi-attribute decision making problems in the environment of 2DULVs by the proposed operators. Finally, we utilize several illustrative examples to testify the validity and superiority of this new method by comparing with several other methods.

关键词： EAP   Lexical bundles   Corpus linguistics   Intradisciplinary variation  

摘要： Lexical bundles have been found to be of considerable significance in academic texts. EAP instructors and students alike are thus encouraged to pay careful attention to these multiword units in their teaching and learning process, respectively. There are several reports as to the discipline sensitivity of lexical bundles, but their variations within the same discipline are underexplored. This paper investigated the forms and functions of 4-word bundles in a 5.7 million word corpus of textbooks, research articles and theses in the discipline of applied linguistics to shed new light on their intradisciplinary variations across the three genres. Our analyses revealed that while bundles vary substantially across different genres in the same discipline, there are still significant commonalities that disciplinary genres share. Our findings are theoretically insightful as they challenge the generality-specificity dichotomy in EAP by showing that neither side can override the other in its importance. The results also have pedagogical implications for EAP practitioners by drawing their attention to the significance of both discipline and genre in teaching lexical bundles. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.