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ISBN: (纸本)9787100183918

摘要： Acquiring a new language requires individuals to simultaneously and gradually learn linguistic attributes on multiple levels. Here, we investigated how this learning process changes the neural encoding of natural speech by assessing the encoding of the linguistic feature hierarchy in second-language listeners. Electroencephalography (EEG) signals were recorded from native Mandarin speakers with varied English proficiency and from native English speakers while they listened to audio-stories in English. We measured the temporal response functions (TRFs) for acoustic, phonemic, phonotactic, and semantic features in individual participants and found a main effect of proficiency on linguistic encoding. This effect of second-language proficiency was particularly prominent on the neural encoding of phonemes, showing stronger encoding of "new" phonemic contrasts (i.e., English contrasts that do not exist in Mandarin) with increasing proficiency. Overall, we found that the nonnative listeners with higher proficiency levels had a linguistic feature representation more similar to that of native listeners, which enabled the accurate decoding of language proficiency. This result advances our understanding of the cortical processing of linguistic information in second-language learners and provides an objective measure of language proficiency.

关键词： Double hierarchy hesitant fuzzy linguistic term sets   Evidential reasoning   TODIM method   Entropy weight   Multiple criteria group decision making  

摘要： Double hierarchy hesitant fuzzy linguistic term sets (DHHFLTSs) can describe hesitation more accurately and reasonably than other linguistic representation models by adding a second hierarchy hesitant fuzzy linguistic term set. The Dempster-Shafer evidence theory (DSET) can minimize the loss of evaluation information in denoting and fusing uncertain information, and TODIM (an acronym in Portuguese for interactive and multi-criteria decision making) can consider the loss aversion behavior of decision makers (DMs). Considering their unique advantages, in this study, we propose a novel multiple criteria group decision-making method based on DSET and TODIM under the DHHFLTSs. First, we improve the cumulative functions and distance measure of DHHFLTSs. Next, we apply DSET to fuse double hierarchy hesitant fuzzy linguistic (DHHFL) information provided by a group of experts and obtain an evidence matrix consisting of belief degrees and DHHFLTSs. Then, we use the TODIM method to address the evidence matrix based on improved cumulative functions and distance measures to obtain the final ranking results. Finally, a weight determination model is constructed based on information entropy in the scenario of completely unknown weights. The newly proposed method reduces the loss of evaluation information and also considers the loss aversion behavior of DMs. Furthermore, an application example of a postgraduate course evaluation is used to demonstrate the effectiveness and rationality of the proposed method. Additionally, we compare the proposed method with other existing methods to further demonstrate the advantages of the proposed method. (C) 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： Language rights   minority education   language policy   cultural pluralism   immersion education  

摘要： A growing and increasingly diverse immigrant population in Spain, and in particular in the region of Catalonia, places new and challenging demands on the educational system. In this study, we use a minority language rights framework to examine how Catalan educators conceptualize the linguistic and cultural rights of immigrant students, and the instructional and organizational practices they use to respond to the needs of these students within Catalan immersion programs. Interviews with teachers and principals and observations in classrooms and schoolyards were carried out in four elementary schools in two urban areas in Catalonia. Findings indicated that educators were adhering to a policy focus on the goal of social cohesion through Catalan language use and instruction;however, neither instructional strategies for non-native speakers of Catalan, nor use of their home languages for instructional support, were much in evidence. Although occasional efforts were reported to recognize students' home cultures in celebrations and activities at school, educators tended to view the home cultures in largely deficit terms. De facto segregation in schools serving almost exclusively immigrant students was identified by educators as a challenge both for elementary school instruction and for subsequent social integration of immigrant youth into Catalan society.

关键词： Linguistic variable   Double-quantified linguistic variable   Multi-granularity linguistic term set   Membership degree   Natural language  

摘要： Regarding the natural language representation, there are two main methods, namely, the linguistic variable and multi-granularity linguistic term set. Although these two techniques are big achievements in the natural language representation researches, there are still some challenges: 1) the linguistic variable cannot handle the probability information, and 2) the multi-granularity linguistic term set cannot handle the negative words and incomplete probability information. To bridge these research gaps, this study proposes the double-quantified linguistic variable to quantify the natural language from two aspects: membership degree and probability. Firstly, we compare the linguistic variable with the multi-granularity linguistic term set and identify the differences and shortages of them. Based on these analyses, the double-quantified linguistic variable as a quintuple is introduced and every part of the double-quantified linguistic variable is explained in detail. After that, the basic operations and comparison method of the double-quantified linguistic variables are given. This study ends with some concluding remarks and future research directions. (C) 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.