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关键词： Post-traumatic stress disorder   Psychic trauma   Post-traumatic psycholinguistic syndrome   Clinical analysis   Dissociation   Flashback   Transmission   Epistemology  

摘要： Objectives. - Trauma appears within the discourse of mentally injured people, materializing what we have recently defined as "post-traumatic psycholinguistic syndrome" (SPLIT). Translating unspeakability, flashbacks, and dissociation, this clinical entity associates three significant disturbances: traumatic anomia (missing words, reduction of the elocutionary flow, deictic gestures, etc.);linguistic repetitions (of words and phrases, verbal intrusions, echophrasias, etc.);and phrasal and discursive disorganization (incomplete sentences, tense discordance, dysfluence, lack of logical connectors, etc.). What are the causes of these semiological and psycholinguistic expressions? What are their psychological and/or neuropsychological processes? It is time to come up with a new concept intended to go beyond the previous models in order to better identify people suffering from post-traumatic mental disorders, to better organize and evaluate psychotherapeutic care, and also to help practitioners collaborate more effectively on these first two goals. But how to evoke, affirm, or speak out about the consequences of unspeakability? Nothing is more apparently contradictory than wanting to define the language void. How to account for the fractures of psychic trauma in discourse? Nothing is more uncertain than to try to organize the upheavals, the disorders caused by dissociation in language. Finally, how to specify the reiteration of the trauma using words and sentences without this modeling being dissociative or repetitive? Today, thanks to a psycholinguistic reading, essential dimensions of post-traumatic suffering, hitherto hidden, can be clarified. Why exactly does an event cause trauma in the life of a subject at a given moment in her/his existence? Why is a latency phase structured between the traumatic event and the return of flashbacks under the influence of a re-triggering factor? How to differentiate the notion of dissociation as a normal phenomenon from the so-called

关键词： abstraction   rule learning   transfer   cross modal   infants  

摘要： Rule learning (RL) refers to infants' ability to extract high-order, repetition-based rules from a sequence of elements and to generalize them to new items. RL has been demonstrated in both the auditory and the visual modality, but no studies have investigated infants' transfer of learning across these two modalities, a process that is fundamental for the development of many complex cognitive skills. Using a visual habituation procedure within a cross-modal RL task, we tested 7-month-old infants' transfer of learning both from speech to vision (auditory-visual-AV-condition) and from vision to speech (visual-auditory-VA-condition). Results showed a transfer of learning in the AV condition, but only for those infants who were able to efficiently extract the rule during the learning (habituation) phase. In contrast, in the VA condition infants provided no evidence of RL. Overall, this study indicates that 7-month-old infants can transfers high-order rules across modalities with an advantage for transferring from speech to vision, and that this ability is constrained by infants' individual differences in the way they process the to-be-learned rules.

关键词： Best-Worst method   2-tuple linguistic model   Multi-criteria group decision making  

摘要： Multi-criteria group decision making (MCGDM) deals with decision makers who evaluate alternatives over several criteria. MCGDM problems evolve in tandem with the progress of our society. Such progress has given rise to the large-scale group decision making (LS-GDM) problems in which hundreds of decision makers may participate in the decision process and new challenges to face such as groups' formation and polarization opinions. Most real world MCGDM problems present changing contexts with uncertainty that cannot be modeled by numerical values. Under these circumstances, the use of linguistic variables and computing with words (CW) processes have provided successfully results. Concretely, the 2-tuple linguistic computational model stands out because its precise linguistic computations and high interpretability. On the other hand, pairwise comparison is a widely used elicitation technique in MCGDM, but a large number of comparisons might lead inconsistent decision makers' preferences. The Best-Worst method (BWM) reduces the number of pairwise comparisons and the inconsistency in decision makers' opinions. Several BWM approaches have been proposed to manage linguistic information but none of them take advantage of the 2-tuple linguistic computational process based on the CW approach, which would allow to obtain precise and understandable results. This paper aims to present an extended 2-tuple BWM to reduce the number of pairwise comparisons in MCGDM problems and model the uncertainty associated with them to accomplish accuracy computations and obtaining interpretable results. Moreover, we apply our proposal to LS-GDM scenarios in which polarization opinions and sub-groups identification, ignored from any of BWM proposals, are considered. Finally, the new model is applied to several illustrative MCGDM problems.

关键词： Group decision-making   Probabilistic linguistic preference relations   Multiplicative consistency   Social network analysis   Trust relationship  

摘要： Unlike other linguistic modelings, probabilistic linguistic terms can clearly describe the importance of different linguistic terms. With respect to group decision-making (GDM) problems, it is convenient for experts to express their evaluation opinions with probabilistic linguistic preference relations (PLPRs), which can transform experts' quantitative descriptions into qualitative probabilistic linguistic terms. The processes of consistency-adjustment and expert weights determination play a key role in GDM. Therefore, this paper aims at the design of a novel probabilistic linguistic GDM method with consistency-adjustment algorithm and trust relationship-driven expert weight determination model. First, we redefine the multiplicative consistency of PLPRs, which only involves changing the probabilities of linguistic terms. A new distance between PLPRs is presented to calculate the consistency index. Then, we propose a convergent consistency-adjustment algorithm to improve the consistency of a PLPR to an acceptable consistency level. Subsequently, a trust relationship-driven expert weight determination model is developed to derive the experts' weights in a social network environment. Finally, a probabilistic linguistic GDM method is designed to determine the reliable ranking of alternatives. The advantages and applicability of the proposed method are illustrated by a case study concerning an evaluation of logistics service suppliers and associated comparative analyses. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： bilingual   early childhood   children with disabilities   cultural diversity  

摘要： Young children with and without disabilities who are bilingual or in the process of learning multiple languages have many strengths;however, educational policies and bias related to bilingualism for children from linguistically minoritized groups have typically included deficit-based views. The purpose of this systematic review was to identify how researchers describe these children and their caregivers. Thirty research studies were included in the review. Each study was published in Infants and Young Children, Journal of Early Intervention, or Topics in Early Childhood Special Education between 1988 and 2020. Studies were coded to determine participant characteristics and whether deficit- or strength-based descriptions of participants were used. Although researchers' descriptions of participants' linguistic backgrounds varied, most were English-centric, and deficit-based descriptions of bilingualism were more prevalent than strength-based descriptions. Preliminary recommendations are provided for describing children and families from linguistically minoritized communities and including strength-based language in research and practice.

ISBN: (纸本)9787030681669

关键词： Globalisation in oceania   Language shift   Language hegemony   Kanak languages   New Caledonia  

摘要： The following paper is a qualitative study of the way Kanak cultural activists in New Caledonia perceive the impact of globalisation on their linguistic communities. The data has been gathered from sixteen questionnaires and analysed thematically. The participants all connected globalisation to colonisation, and perceived both as processes disturbing the balance of their communities. This ultimately seems to result in a process of language shift that replaces traditional Melanesian ?reciprocal? multilingualism (Jourdan, 2007) with French monolingualism, through a brief bilingual phase. ? 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

ISBN: (纸本)9787301321706

关键词： Media bias   Feature engineering   Text analysis   Context analysis   News analysis   Bias data set  

摘要： Media has a substantial impact on public perception of events, and, accordingly, the way media presents events can potentially alter the beliefs and views of the public. One of the ways in which bias in news articles can be introduced is by altering word choice. Such a form of bias is very challenging to identify automatically due to the high context-dependence and the lack of a large-scale gold-standard data set. In this paper, we present a prototypical yet robust and diverse data set for media bias research. It consists of 1,700 statements representing various media bias instances and contains labels for media bias identification on the word and sentence level. In contrast to existing research, our data incorporate background information on the participants' demographics, political ideology, and their opinion about media in general. Based on our data, we also present a way to detect bias-inducing words in news articles automatically. Our approach is feature-oriented, which provides a strong descriptive and explanatory power compared to deep learning techniques. We identify and engineer various linguistic, lexical, and syntactic features that can potentially be media bias indicators. Our resource collection is the most complete within the media bias research area to the best of our knowledge. We evaluate all of our features in various combinations and retrieve their possible importance both for future research and for the task in general. We also evaluate various possible Machine Learning approaches with all of our features. XGBoost, a decision tree implementation, yields the best results. Our approach achieves an. F-1-score of 0.43, a precision of 0.29, a recall of 0.77, and a ROC AUC of 0.79, which outperforms current media bias detection methods based on features. We propose future improvements, discuss the perspectives of the feature-based approach and a combination of neural networks and deep learning with our current system.

关键词： Bid evaluation   Multiple-criteria decision support   Construction management   ELECTRE III   Generalized comparative linguistic expressions  

摘要： The process of bid evaluation is subject to indetermination, imprecision, and uncertainty in terms of their alternative-criterion decision appraisals. To address this issue, this paper develops a novel ELECTRE III-based MCGDM approach for bid evaluation, in which generalized comparative linguistic expressions (GCLEs) are used to evaluate bidder performance. The collected GCLEs are further transformed into possibility-distributionbased hesitant fuzzy linguistic-term sets (HFLTSs) to facilitate the qualitative construction of individual expertise. A consensus-reaching process is introduced to promote decisions that are agreed upon by experts and thereby ensure an enhanced state of mutual agreement among the experts. Subsequently, an integrated subjective-objective approach is proposed to calculate criterion weights and to implement an ELECTRE III-based method that incorporates HFLTS possibility distributions, which allows us to treat the indetermination, imprecision, and uncertainty embedded in appraisals of alternative-criterion decisions when evaluating bids. The potential advantages of the proposed approach are validated by a real-life contractor-selection case.