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关键词： Perceived vowel duration   Lexical tone   F0 contour   Canonicity effects   Taiwan Mandarin  

摘要： Perceived vowel duration is known to be influenced by many factors, including f0 height/movement and ones' native phonological system. Using multiple experimental paradigms, this study examined whether native tonal representations and phonetic knowledge of duration associated with different lexical tones may further shape the ways in which vowel duration is perceived. In a perception experiment, Taiwan Mandarin and Korean listeners rated the duration of duration-controlled CV syllables carrying one of the four lexical tones in Mandarin or a reduced T3half (X-21). The results showed that perceived vowel duration by Korean listeners, the control group, reflected general perceptual biases: contour tones were rated as longer than level tones, and high-f0 tones were rated as longer than low-f0 tones. Taiwan Mandarin listeners, on the other hand, overestimated the duration of vowels carrying T3 (X-214) and T3half, despite their short phonetic duration in Taiwan Mandarin, indicating the significance of the canonical representation of the complex T3 contour. A spontaneous imitation experiment further supported the canonicity effect: T3half was again hyperarticulated, produced as longer and with similar f0 trajectories as T3full, based on its phonological association to T3. Taken together, the findings of the present study suggest that the perception of vowel duration is guided by higher-order phonological knowledge from speakers' linguistic experience as well as by general perceptual biases. (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.

关键词： Natural language   Healthy aging   Negation   Quantifiers   Processing cost   Semantics   Cognitive tests  

摘要： We know that linguistic ability tends to diminish in aging. The question we addressed was whether it is selectively affected, and if so, whether aging affects sentence processing in the same way it affects other cognitive abilities. To this end, we conducted a fine-grained investigation into a critical aspect of sentences - the number of negations they contain. We studied the processing costs of multiple negations in a cross-sectional design with 105 healthy aging participants who performed a truth-value judgement task. Quantifier-containing sentences with 0, 1 or 2 negations were juxtaposed to images with arrays of blue and yellow circles. This design enabled us to assess the cost of negation from a novel perspective. In parallel, we tested these participants on standard measures of cognitive aging. In addition to the typical slowing caused by aging, and by an added negation, we found that aging effects were restricted: they did not accumulate with the number of negations. Rather, processing speed in the conditions with one negation (negative statements) were affected by aging, whereas it was unaffected in conditions with an even number (zero/two) of negations (positive statements). We conclude that aging affects negation processing in a manner determined by its total negativity value of a sentence (a k a monotonicity), not the number of negations it contains. Our findings challenge both the idea of global incremental processing-cost, and of non-specific cognitive slowing in aging. That is, the cost of processing, as well as the course of the aging of the sentence processor are constrained by highly specific linguistic considerations.

关键词： Preference decision-making   Incomplete probabilistic linguistic preference relation   Expected multiplicative consistency   Mathematical optimization model   Excellent student selection  

摘要： Incomplete probabilistic linguistic term sets (InPLTSs) can effectively describe the qualitative pairwise judgment information in uncertain decision-making problems, making them suitable for solving real decision-making problems under time pressure and lack of knowledge. Thus, in this study, an optimization algorithm is developed for preference decisionmaking with the incomplete probabilistic linguistic preference relation (InPLPR). First, to fully investigate the ability of InPLTSs to express uncertain information, they are divided into two categories. Then, a two-stage mathematical optimization model based on an expected multiplicative consistency for estimating missing information is constructed, which can obtain the complete information more scientifically and effectively than some exiting methods. Subsequently, for the InPLPR with unacceptable consistency, a multistage consistency-improving optimization model is proposed for improving the consistency of the InPLPR by minimizing the information distortion and the number of adjusted linguistic terms, which can also minimize the uncertainty of the relationship as small as possible. Afterward, to rank all the alternatives, a mathematical model for deriving the priority weights of the alternatives is constructed and solved, which can obtain the priority weight conveniently and quickly. A decision-making algorithm based on the consistency of the InPLPR is developed, which involves estimating missing information, checking and improving the consistency, and ranking the alternatives. Finally, a numerical case involving the selection of excellent students is presented to demonstrate the application of the proposed algorithm, and a detailed validation test and comparative analysis are presented to highlight the advantages of the proposed algorithm. (C) 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： Group decision making   Probabilistic linguistic term set   Programming model   Incomplete probabilistic linguistic preference relation  

摘要： Probabilistic linguistic preference relation (PLPR) provides an effective and flexible tool with which preference degrees of decision-makers can be captured when they vacillatingly express linguistic preference values among several linguistic terms. Individual consistency and group consensus are two important research topics of PLPRs in group decision making (GDM). Considering the problems associated with these two topics, this study proposes a novel GDM framework with consistency-driven and consensus-driven optimization models based on a personalized normalization method for managing complete and incomplete PLPRs. First, existing limitations of the traditional normalization method for probabilistic linguistic term sets (PLTSs) managing ignorance information are specifically discussed. Given the potential valuable information hidden in PLTSs, a personalized normalization method is newly proposed through a two-stage decision-making process with a comprehensive fusion mechanism. Then, based on the proposed normalization method for PLTSs, consistency-driven optimization models that aim to minimize the overall adjustment amount of a PLPR are constructed to improve consistency. Moreover, the developed models are extended to improve consistency and estimate the missing values of an incomplete PLPR. Subsequently, a consensus-driven optimization model that aims to maximize group consensus by adjusting experts? weights is constructed to support the consensus-reaching process. Finally, an illustrative example, followed by some comparative analyses is presented to demonstrate the application and advantages of the proposed approach.

关键词： emergent bilingual learners   English language learners (ELLs)   equitable science education   equity   linguistic justice   multilingual learners  

关键词： Blockchain platform   Multiple criteria decision making   Linguistic D numbers   DNMA   CRITIC  

摘要： Since more and more blockchain platforms have been utilized in diverse business applications, the blockchain platform evaluation becomes significant for clients. There are challenges regarding the blockchain platform evaluation in terms of information uncertainty, multiple types of criteria, and the correlations between criteria. This study dedicates to proposing a method to solve these problems by integrating linguistic D numbers (LDNs), double normalization-based multiple aggregation (DNMA) method, and Criteria Importance Through Inter-criteria Correlation (CRITIC) method. Firstly, a conversion rule of LDNs is introduced to enhance the comparative rule of LDNs. Then, an integrated multiple criteria decision making framework is proposed by incorporating DNMA with LDNs. This method not only can effectively capture the incomplete or uncertain decision-making information with respect to cost, benefit, and target criteria, but also can reduce the loss of decision information caused by single normalized technology. The CRITIC method is integrated in the LDN-based DNMA method to reflect the correlations between criteria in the blockchain platform evaluation process. To investigate the efficiency of the proposed method, a numerical example of blockchain platform evaluation is given. The sensitivity analysis demonstrates the robustness and stability of the developed method. The comparative analysis shows that our method can identify the potentially important criteria in the decision-making process effectively.

摘要： This study explored the interaction between learning conditions, linguistic complexity, and first language (L1) syntactic transfer in semiartificial grammar learning by conceptually replicating and extending Tagarelli et al. (2016). We changed the L1 background, elicited production data during debriefing, and added a binary mixed-effects logistic regression analysis to compare variability at learner and item levels with group-level variation on exposure condition, linguistic complexity, and their interaction. Our results replicated those of the original study regarding the comparative efficacy of explicit instruction;however, we also found a condition x complexity interaction absent in the original study. Debriefing sentence-production data suggest that the changed L1-L2 typological distance may have leveled off the advantage of explicit instruction in the learning of the complex V2-VF structure. Finally, our mixed-effects modeling analysis revealed that variability at learner and item levels accounted for a larger proportion of the variance of the outcomes than all the predictors combined.

关键词： Multimodal communication   Autism spectrum disorders   Gestures   Lexical development  

摘要： This study focuses on the multimodal communication of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) compared to typically developing (TD) children. Eleven children with ASD (aged from 28 to 79 months) and 11 TD children (from 12 to 30 months) were matched by their productive vocabulary. We observed their communicative production in a semi-structured play situation. Results showed no differences in the combinations of gestural and vocal elements between children with ASD and TD. By contrast, regarding the production of the three-element multimodal combinations, we found a different pattern between ASD and TD children depending on their lexical development. These results provide clues to understand some controversial findings regarding multimodal production of people with ASD described in the literature.

关键词： Australian Aboriginal English   cross-cultural collaboration   decolonisation   linguistic features   sociolinguistics   truth-telling   yarning  

摘要： Australian Aboriginal English (AAE) is an enregistered contact-based variety spoken by 80% of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. This paper offers an overview of some of the features that characterise AAE as recorded in our corpus of naturally occurring interactions in Nyungar country, Southwest Western Australia. Led by Nyungar researcher Glenys Collard, our fieldwork rests on three pillars: (1) the data originate from group recording sessions, as culturally appropriate in the community;(2) speakers are recruited in venues such as medical centres and Perth city parks;(3) data collection is based on 'yarning': 'a process of [horizontal ellipsis ] communicating and passing on history and knowledge' (Terszak, 2008, p. 90). Our approach is strongly grounded in indigenous knowledge-sharing practices. We discuss how the traditional underpinnings of yarning as a culturally entrenched modality have made it possible to tap into the community's vernacular and to capture the urgent concerns and silenced histories of Aboriginal English speakers.

关键词： environmental discourse   extreme weather events   flood   Natural Semantic Metalanguage   ethnopragmatics   semantically-enhanced discourse studies   Australian public discourse   disaster linguistics   climate change semantics   public discourse studies  

摘要： Natural disasters, such as what are known in English as 'floods' and 'wildfires', are increasingly a topic of concern due to the climate emergency, and their vocabulary and public discourses hold much to be explored through linguistics. This article inaugurates the examination of public discourse about extreme weather events through semantically enhanced discourse studies, an approach which is based on Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) and developed herein. Taking the example of floods in the particular geographic, cultural and historical environment of the Australian state of Queensland in 2011, this transtextual study draws on a public inquiry into the event and English as spoken in Australia, more broadly, along with media reports, and literature from humanities and social sciences. Five case studies of vocabulary and discourse patterns are presented to cast cultural and semantic spotlights on the public discourses. It is demonstrated that this approach can provide high resolution analysis of discourse and bring out cultural and historical factors at play in extreme weather language thereby contributing to disaster linguistics, climate change semantics and public discourse studies. (c) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.