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关键词： Linguistic variable   Hedge algebra   Fuzzy set   Fuzzy system   Dynamic system  

摘要： Dynamic system is important for cognitive science in which cognitive map, fuzzy cognitive map are special cases. Both cognitive and fuzzy cognitive maps have complex state spaces, that is: chaos, limit cycles, fixed points and so on. In this paper, we study a class of fuzzy dynamic system, which called linguistic dynamic system. As a result, class of linguistic dynamic system is always convergent.

关键词： Within-country linguistic diversity   Private participation infrastructure projects   Greenfield   Government ownership  

摘要： This paper investigates the impact of within-country linguistic diversity on the performance of private participation infrastructure projects. In view of the relevance of language heterogeneity in Asia, we first test a sample of 2921 projects in 7 countries in this region from 1990 to 2013. The findings indicate that higher linguistic diversity is associated with a lower likelihood of project success, and that this negative effect is weakened when the project is greenfield. In contrast, we find no significant effect for projects that include government ownership. Subsequently, we explore the differences between domestic versus foreign projects, as well as a larger sample of countries worldwide. The study contributes to the current debate in the literature by pointing out that withincountry linguistic diversity can be a threat to private participation projects, offering useful managerial recommendations on how to reduce this threat.

关键词： Linguistic summarization   Interval type-2 fuzzy set   Data mining   Time series  

摘要： Linguistic summarization with fuzzy sets, extracting explicit and concise knowledge from data, has received a great attention because of its compatibility with human cognitive mechanism. The most crucial step in linguistic summarization is certainly the evaluation of linguistic summaries. In this study, a new fuzzy cardinality based possibilistic approach is proposed for evaluating linguistic summaries in interval type-2 fuzzy environment. It is proved that the proposed possibilistic approach satisfies the desired properties defined in the literature. An application of the proposed possibilistic approach is presented on financial time series including the three stocks in Borsa Istanbul (BIST) covering the period for the last 10 years. It is noticed that the proposed possibilistic approach generates more stable results than the probabilistic approach of Boran and Akay (IEEE Trans Cybern 44:1632-1645, 2014).

关键词： Expectation-based   Signal-based   Prosodic typology   Intonation  

摘要： This paper is concerned with the contributions of signal-driven and expectation-driven mechanisms to a general understanding of the phenomenon of prosodic prominence from a cross-linguistic perspective. It serves as an introduction to the concept of prosodic prominence and discusses the eight papers in the Special Issue, which cover a genetically diverse range of languages. These include DjambarrpuyLATIN SMALL LETTER ENGu (an Australian Pama-Nyungan language), Samoan (an Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian language), the Indo-European languages English (Germanic), French (Romance), and Russian (Slavic), Korean (Koreanic), Medumba (Bantu), and two Sino-Tibetan languages, Mandarin and Taiwanese Southern Min.

ISBN: (纸本)9787030689955

关键词： 语言学  

ISBN: (纸本)9787030688910

摘要： 本书以广义遭受句式（以“王冕死了父亲”句式为代表）的论辩为切入点，尝试新理论，发掘新语料，努力推进对这类句式的解释。在理论引进方面，本书先后尝试了CP分裂假说（第三章）、韵律语法思想（第五章）、非宾格理论（第六章）；语料方面亦是多有发掘，不仅增加了非作格动词带宾语现象的实例，还扩展到日语语料。由是建立起“广义遭受句式”概念。整个论证过程呈现螺旋式上升的心路历程。

摘要： For Emirati millennials, multilingualism is both typical and expected. Although Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) is the official language of the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Emiratis mainly use Khaleeji (Gulf Arabic) dialects at home. English is the lingua franca and common medium of instruction with approximately 100 other languages also being spoken in the nation. While top-down language policies overtly favor English and MSA, which appear on signage, in educational contexts, and online as two 'pure' languages placed side-by-side, language 'on the ground' is considerably more complex than as 'planned'. This paper explores the language ideologies and language use of 100 Emirati university students through mixed-method questionnaires and classroom observations recorded in researcher journals. Analysis of the data revealed creative translanguaging practices. It is argued that such grassroots hybridity could act as a counter-discourse to rigid 'English only' expectations in English-medium universities and policies advocating 'pure and separate' language use.

关键词： Urolithiasis   Health related quality of life   HRQOL   Wisconsin Quality of Life Score   WISQOL   German WISQOL  

摘要： Purpose WisQoL (Wisconsin Stone Quality of Life questionnaire) is a disease specific, health related quality of life measure designed for patients who form kidney stones. The goal of this study was to develop and validate a German version of WisQoL. Methods The German version of the WisQoL was developed following a standardized multistep process. Patients were recruited prior to stone treatment, and completed the questionnaire as well as the SF-36v2 (36-Item Short Form Health Survey). This was repeated 1, 3, and 6 months after stone surgery. Scores of the 28 questionnaire items were summarized into sum scores for four domains and a total score. The psychometric properties of the questionnaire were statistically analyzed. Results The German WisQoL demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha > 0.90 for all domains at all visits). All inter-domain associations were positive. The test-retest reliability for patients with unchanged self-reported health state was considered satisfactory (Spearman's rho for total score 0.70 [95% CI 0.55 to - 0.80]). The German WisQoL demonstrated good convergent validity with the validated SF-36v2 (correlation between corresponding items 0.44 to 0.64). All domain scores showed significant sensitivity to change induced by stone treatment (p <= 0.05). Total WisQoL scores generally improved during the first 3 months following stone treatment, and remained stable thereafter. Conclusion The German WisQoL proved to be a reliable and robust instrument to evaluate health related quality of life measures of kidney stone patients in the clinical setting. It is expected to be of use for further research in patients with kidney stones.

关键词： Intelligibility criterion   Linguistic taxonomy   Languages   Dialects  

摘要： In linguistics, a principled definition of what constitutes a 'language' in opposition to a 'dialect' has been notoriously elusive. The intelligibility criterion, possibly the only criterion that could form the basis of such definition, has often been considered inadequate, leading to the widespread conclusion that languages may not be linguistically definable objects at all (e.g. Chambers and Trudgill, 1998). This paper reconsiders some of the objections typically raised against the intelligibility criterion and argues that one of these objections - namely that intelligibility is a scale to which no meaningfully discernible segmentation may be applied - can be formulated as a testable empirical claim. Three experiments are then presented with the explicit aim to test this claim. Results indicate that, contrary to what has been frequently claimed, the intelligibility scale does allow for potentially meaningful segmentation, providing empirical evidence in favour of adopting intelligibility as an empirically sound criterion of demarcation for the identification of languages and dialects. Crown Copyright (C) 2021 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Double hierarchy hesitant fuzzy linguistic term set   Correlation measure   Correlation coefficient   Multi-attribute decision-making   Traditional Chinese Medicine diagnosis  

摘要： In order to meet the increasingly complex and changeable decision-making needs, the double hierarchy hesitant fuzzy linguistic term set (DHHFLTS) expresses linguistic information through two independent linguistic term sets, which is a powerful tool for expressing complex linguistic information. Therefore, the research on the DHHFLTS has great theoretical and practical significance. Considering that correlation measures are not only the theoretical basis for solving linguistic decision-making problems, but also the cornerstone of many multi-attribute decision-making (MADM) methods. Therefore, this paper is devoted to the research on the correlation measure of DHHFLTSs. Based on the equivalent transformation functions of the double hierarchy hesitant fuzzy linguistic element (DHHFLE), we propose the mean and hesitancy degree of DHHFLEs and the mean and variance of DHHFLTSs. Then, this paper proposes the hesitancy degree-based correlation and correlation coefficient of DHHFLTSs. In addition, on the one hand, considering that hesitation is a key feature of the DHHFLTS, this paper gives the upper and lower bounds of the above correlation coefficient. On the other hand, taking into account the weighting factors in the actual problem, the weighted correlation coefficient and the ordered weighted correlation measure are proposed. Then, a general framework for applying the correlation measures proposed in this paper to practical MADM problems is given. Finally, taking the diagnosis of traditional Chinese medicine as an example, it proves that this method is scientific and feasible, and compares and analyzes this method with the existing related correlation measure methods.