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摘要： This study examined the effects of pre-trial preparation and pre-recorded cross-examinations on the linguistic complexity of recognition prompts (i.e., option-posing or suggestive questions) used when questioning child victims in English criminal courts. The study also compared the linguistic complexity of recognition prompts that did and did not contain suggestive content. Analyses compared 43 cases that involved pre-recorded cross-examinations with pre-trial preparation and 44 cases that did not, which occurred between 2012 and 2016. Cases utilizing the "special measures" contained fewer linguistically complex prompts with and without suggestive content than did their counterparts, demonstrating the benefits of those special measures. Overall, linguistically complex recognition prompts were more likely to contain suggestive content than other recognition prompts. However, linguistically complex prompts with and without suggestive content were still frequently used despite the special measures, demonstrating the need for further professional training to improve the quality of children's evidence.

关键词： discursive imaginary   hybridity   language and migration   marginality   post‐   soviet   scales and scaling  

摘要： This paper contributes to disentangling hybridity from assumptions about marginality, resistance and the dissolution of boundaries in sociolinguistic scholarship. To do so, it examines how speakers make certain types of hybrid identities (im)possible through their discursive practices of scaling. Focusing on post-soviet, Central Asian migrants in the United States, I demonstrate how their discourses on ethnolinguistic identity rely on multiple scalar perspectives, which (re)make boundaries in different ways that (dis)allow for hybrid identities to emerge. I show that speakers engage in such discourses in order to navigate their marginal transnational positionings, and that their emergent hybrid identities do not ensure resistance to national norms or transcend categorical boundaries. These empirical observations, I argue, have implications for conceptualizing the relationship between power, marginality and hybrid forms more broadly.

ISBN: (纸本)9787520385398

关键词： Linguistic Diversity   Class Composition   Diversity Measures   Reading Achievement   Migration Background  

摘要： This paper examines the effects of linguistic diversity on students' learning with a sample of 1603 5th grade students and 65 classes. Combining the theories of Piaget's concept of disequilibrium, language awareness and cognitive load , we investigated whether a class's linguistic diversity influences students' reading comprehension and whether effects are different for students with and without migration background. Analyses were computed with three diversity measures, each calculated twice: based on the language(s) spoken with parents;and based on the language(s) spoken with friends. Multilevel regression analyses revealed that linguistic diversity increases students' reading comprehension. Students with migration background had lower benefits than those without a migration background . The significance of results was independent of the diversity measure used.

ISBN: (纸本)9787030689283

关键词： environmental conservation   intercultural communication   language ideologies   linguistic diversity   multilingualism  

摘要： This commentary examines environmental conservation work as a site of climate (in)justice, drawing from fieldwork at a highly multilingual Cameroonian wildlife sanctuary, as well as prior work on linguistic diversity, language ideologies, and intercultural communication. Across the world, climate justice work is occurring in landscapes that are often linguistically diverse. Alongside indigenous languages, global lingua francas (predominantly (ex)-colonial languages) play a central role in facilitating communication between government officials, foreign NGO workers and volunteers, and people living in areas undergoing conservation. In these contexts, beliefs about language and communication - as well as unequal access or fluency in particular languages - can serve to magnify racialized and (neo)colonial hierarchies. While work in environmental anthropology has taken an ethnographic approach to understanding conflicts and miscommunication between the different actors involved in environmental conservation, this commentary argues that the methodologies of sociolinguistics and related fields are uniquely situated to examine in detail the interactions, language choices, and ideologies involved in designing and implementing climate justice work, and the impact these have on how this work is carried out.

ISBN: (纸本)9787030689559

关键词： crime reduction   culturally and linguistically diverse   desistance   risk factors   young offenders  

摘要： Young people from particular culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) backgrounds are overrepresented in Australia’s criminal justice system. Many possess the typical risk profiles of justice-involved young people. However, there are unique sociocultural factors that may affect a CALD young person’s ongoing contact, and interactions with the justice system. There exists little published research on these factors, and how service providers can best address the needs of justice-involved CALD young people. This article endeavored to fill this gap in our knowledge and advance policy development in this critical space. First, a number of key environmental and pre/post migratory stressors were identified that may be implicated in pathways to offending. Second, despite regular calls for culturally responsive programming, few programs have been developed, and no evaluations of such programs were detected in the extant literature. Third, several programming recommendations were articulated based on available expertise. One approach included building the capacities of culture-based community service providers to strengthen their ability to work with justice-involved CALD youth. © The Author(s) 2020.

关键词： Patient-reported outcomes   Patient-reported outcome measures   Reaction time   Cognitive impairments   Self-report  

摘要： Purpose Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) vary in their psycholinguistic complexity. This study examined whether response time to PROM items is related to psycholinguistic attributes of the item and/or the self-reported cognitive ability of the respondent. Methods Baseline data from Wave 2 of the Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders (Neuro-QoL) development study were reanalyzed. That sample contained 581 adults with neurological disorders and whose self-reported cognitive abilities were quantified by the Neuro-QoL v2.0 Cognitive Function Item Bank. 185 Neuro-QoL items were coded for several psycholinguistic variables and design attributes: number of words and syllables, mean imageability of words, mean word frequency, mean age of word acquisition, and response format (e.g., about symptom frequency or task difficulty). Data were analyzed with linear and generalized linear mixed models. Results Main effects models revealed that slower response times were associated with respondents with lower self-reported cognitive abilities and with PROM items that contained more syllables, less imageable (e.g., more abstract) words, and that asked about task difficulty rather than symptom frequency. Interaction effects were found between self-reported cognition and those same PROM attributes such that people with worse self-reported cognitive abilities were disproportionately slow when responding to items that were longer (more syllables), contained less imageable words, and asked about task difficulty. Conclusion Completing a PROM requires multiple cognitive skills (e.g., memory, executive functioning) and appraisal processes. Response time is a means of operationalizing the amount or difficulty of cognitive processing, and this report indicates several aspects of PROM design that relate to a measure's cognitive burden. However, future research with better experimental control is needed.

关键词： integrative complexity   famous trials   elaborative complexity   trial outcome  

摘要： Famous trials not only generate immense popularity and intrigue, they also have the power to change history. Surprisingly, little research examines the use of complex language during these culturally-significant trial outcomes. In the present study, we helped fill in this gap by evaluating the relationship between attorneys' use of integratively complex language and trial outcomes. Using the well-validated Automated Integrative Complexity scoring system, we analyzed the complexity of language in the opening and closing statements of famous trials. We found that higher levels of integrative complexity led to a significant increase in winning outcomes, but only for the prosecution. Further, this effect was driven by elaborative forms of complexity and not dialectical forms of complexity. Taken together, these results fill a large gap in our understanding of how language might influence the outcomes of culturally-significant legal proceedings.