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关键词： Cognitive impairment   Verbal fluency   Paralinguistic and linguistic features   Speech analysis   Silence analysis   Mini mental state exam  

摘要： Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common forms of dementia in the world. The Mini-Mental State Examination, a tool developed to detect AD, is composed of various tests that evaluate functional performance in several fields, one of which is language. Several symptoms are manifested in voices as a result of language and speech problems caused by AD, including frequent involuntary pauses during conversations and diction and vocabulary difficulties. Speech fluency is considered a key feature for AD detection in this research, for which two algorithms are proposed. The first algorithm is a paralinguistic system that is independent of the language and task and whose low-dimension feature vectors facilitate the training stage. This algorithm is tested on two databases (AcceXible and ADReSS), on two languages (Spanish and English) and on several tests. The second algorithm is based on analysing temporal patterns of silence between words and errors in spoken words. This approach, based on verbal fluency tests, is tested on the AcceXible database. To benchmark these algorithms, two baseline algorithms are used: the i-vector framework, a speaker modelling algorithm that has been effectively used for speech-related tasks such as speaker recognition, language identification, speaker diarization and speech-related health tasks;and a classic counting-terms algorithm, which processes transcriptions of speech. The paralinguistic system yields promising results for different tests and languages, while the silence-based system achieves high accuracy in verbal fluency tests. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Vocal fatigue index   Tamil tool   Principal component analysis   Principal axis factoring   Self-perception inventory  

摘要： Objective. To adapt the vocal fatigue index (VFI) for the Tamil-speaking population. Study design. Cross-sectional research design Method. VFI developed originally in English was translated in the Tamil language, a South Indian Dravidian language. Content validity and reverse translation of VFI in Tamil [VFI-T] was done. The final of VFI-T was administered on 251 subjects with voice concerns/ problems and on 100 individuals with perceptually normal voice for validity and reliability measures. Results. Factor analysis of VFI-T yielded four factors as opposed to three factors in the English version of VFI. The four factors were extracted based on Eigenvalue and variance contributed by each factor namely, I-physical discomfort;II-tiredness of voice and avoidance of voice use;III-increased effort and its effect on voice quality, and IV-Improvement of symptoms with rest. Varimax rotation and factor loading values for individual items identified five items under factor I;seven items under factor II;four items under factor III, and three items were preserved under factor IV. Overall Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.91 and alpha values for four factors ranged from 0.75 to 0.85. Item-to-total correlation revealed good internal consistency between the items. The median and interquartile range of VFI-T for cases and controls were viz., 1-6.00 (10.00);0.00 (1.00), factor 11-12.00 (11.00);1.00 (3.00), factor 111-7.00 (8.00);1.00 (2.00), and factor IV-6.00 (6.00);1.00 (3.00), respectively. Mann-Whitney U test revealed a significant difference between the scores of cases and controls (P < 0.00). Logistic regression suggested sensitivity of 96% and a specificity of 79% for the inventory in the Tamil language. Conclusion. VFI-T identified and documented vocal fatigue under four factors in subjects with voice disorders.

关键词： attention   bilingualism   developmental language disorder   diagnostic accuracy   language impairment   procedural learning   processing speed  

摘要： Background & Aims Given that standardized language measures alone are inadequate for identifying functionally defined developmental language disorder (fDLD), this study investigated whether non-linguistic cognitive abilities (procedural learning, motor functions, executive attention, processing speed) can increase the prediction accuracy of fDLD in children in linguistically diverse settings. Methods & Procedures We examined non-linguistic cognitive abilities in mono- and bilingual school-aged children (ages 8-12) with and without fDLD. Typically developing (TD) children (14 monolinguals, 12 bilinguals) and children with fDLD (28 monolinguals, 12 bilinguals) completed tasks measuring motor functions, procedural learning, executive attention and processing speed. Children were assigned as fDLD based on parental or professional concerns regarding children's daily language functioning. If no concerns were present, children were assigned as TD. Standardized English scores, non-verbal IQ scores and years of maternal education were also obtained. Likelihood ratios were used to examine how well each measure separated the fDLD versus TD groups. A binary logistic regression was used to test whether combined measures enhanced the prediction of identifying fDLD status. Outcomes & Results A combination of linguistic and non-linguistic measures provided the best distinction between fDLD and TD for both mono- and bilingual groups. For monolingual children, the combined measures include English language scores, functional motor abilities and processing speed, whereas for bilinguals, the combined measures include English language scores and procedural learning. Conclusions & Implications A combination of non-linguistic and linguistic measures significantly improved the distinction between fDLD and TD for both mono- and bilingual groups. This study supports the possibility of using non-linguistic cognitive measures to identify fDLD in linguistically diverse settings. What this paper

关键词： Collocational priming   Cross-linguistic   Frequency   Mental lexicon  

摘要： According to the Collocational Priming Theory, every word is primed to co-occur with particular other related words and priming could be regarded as the source of our creative language system. Previous research has shown evidence of collocational priming in both L1 and L2 users of English and has indicated that L2 processing is influenced by L1 collocations. This study attempts to further our understanding of the relationship between first and second language collocations through the paradigm of cross-linguistic priming. That is, it will test the extent to which individual words in one language prime recognition of those words' collocates in the other language. Results suggest a complex picture of both cross-linguistic priming and cross-linguistic inhibition, operating differently across different part of speech combinations. They also suggest important methodological influences which future research will need to investigate. Findings are discussed in the light of the current bilingual mental lexicon models and some implications are drawn based on the observed collocational networks in the L1 Turkish-L2 English bilingual mental lexicon. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： 英语语言学   多维研究视角   选取策略  

摘要： 英语语言学作为一门研究学科应该不仅仅局限于对基础英语语言的研究,同时还应该以开放的视野将其他学科与英语语言学进行相融合研究,对于英语语言学的研究内容进行广度以及深度的扩展,做到运用多维视角研究英语语言学。因此本文在探讨英语语言学时首先对英语语言学多维研究的价值进行分析,然后提出有效的策略来进行英语语言学多维研究视角的选取,希望为英语语言学多维视角研究提供有效建议,推进英语语言学的学科研究工作。

摘要： In this issue of Molecular Cell, Lin et al. (2021) develop a tri-functional amino acid probe for the discovery and characterization of protein domains that sense or "read"protein post-translational modifications, a chemical tool that can facilitate our understanding of how signaling networks act at the molecular level.

关键词： 詞彙史   漢語史   語音   語法   中古  

摘要： 70年來,漢語史的研究,無論詞彙、語法、語音等分支學科,都取得了令人歡欣鼓舞的成就。在詞彙史方面,20世紀50年代,張相《詩詞曲語辭匯釋》、蔣禮鴻《敦煌變文字義通釋》的出版揭開了漢語詞彙史研究新的一頁,中古、近代詞彙的研究得到前所未有的重視、迅猛發展,至今已出版了幾百本專著、上萬篇論文,有上百位碩導博導、龐大的碩士博士隊伍。漢語中古、近代語法史的研究也取得了驕人的成就。在音韻史方面,研究自唐至民國的數以百計的韻書、韻圖,也出版、發表了大量的專著、專論。總之,成就是輝煌的,貢獻是巨大的,可歌可頌。