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关键词： Linguistics   Decision making   Probabilistic logic   Reliability   Mathematical model   Optimization   Indexes   Consensus   expected multiplicative consistency   group decision-making (GDM)   incomplete probabilistic linguistic preference relation (InPLPRs)   induced ordered weighted geometric operator   mathematical programming model  

摘要： The use of incomplete probabilistic linguistic term sets (InPLTSs) can enrich the flexibility of qualitative decision-making information expression, especially in decision-making situations with high time pressure and insufficient knowledge. In this article, we develop a method for group decision-making (GDM) with incomplete probabilistic linguistic preference relations (InPLPRs), considering consistency and consensus simultaneously. First, to fully explore the ability of InPLTSs to express uncertain information, InPLTSs are specifically classified. Then, an expected multiplicative consistency of InPLPRs is introduced, which is conducive to estimating the missing information more accurately and effectively. Subsequently, considering the consensus of GDM problems, a consensus index, which considers the principle of majority and minority, is developed to measure the agreement degree among multiple individuals. Because individual InPLPRs may not all meet acceptable consistency after reaching consensus, a consistency- and consensus-improving mathematical programming model considering information distortion is presented. Then, to aggregate all individual preference relations into a collective one, a reliability-induced ordered weighted geometric operator is introduced, whose induced variable reliability is determined by the confidence degree and consistency index of individual preference relations. Furthermore, a multiphase algorithm with InPLPRs is developed to solve GDM problems. Finally, a numerical example of fire emergency decisions is presented to illustrate the applicability of the proposed method, and a detailed validity test and comparative analysis are conducted to highlight the advantages of the proposed method.

关键词： 应用语言学   语言教学   解决对策  

摘要： 在我国的对外交流中,文化传播以及经济流通都需要有语言的帮助,而语言学的教育不仅要考虑语言的文化特点,还需要考虑语言的交流属性,因此应用语言学应运而生。应用语言学本身作为一种人们进行国家对外交流过程中所需要掌握的语言,其起到的就是沟通交流的作用,但是对于应用语言学的教学开展需要涉及到的语言教学,需要在谈论应用语言学的教学过程中要分析其本身在语言教学上的概述以及实际所涉及到的问题,针对这些问题提出有效的教学策略,以此来促进应用语言学的教学发展。

关键词： Healthcare systems   Risk evaluation   Interval-valued hesitant fuzzy linguistic sets   MULTIMOORA method   Failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA)   Technique of precise order preference (TPOP)  

摘要： Purpose The healthcare system is regarded as one of the most critical service industries. The surgical unit is the heart of hospitals in that any failures directly affect the safety of patients, so they should be managed thoroughly. It is an intricate multi-attributes decision-making problem with uncertainty. Uncertain information in the form of fuzzy sets theory has been applied widely to describe the different aspects of system uncertainty. This study aims to present a new methodology to manage the healthcare system failures due to the multi-attributes decision-making process. Design/methodology/approach This study introduces a new risk evaluation methodology by failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) and MULTIMOORA method. Group decision-making process in this methodology is presented under uncertain information in the form of interval-valued hesitant fuzzy linguistic sets (IVHFLSs). IVHFLSs encompass both qualitative and quantitative interpretation of experts to reflect their preferences, as well the ability and flexibility of derivation of linguistic information by several linguistic terms increase. To avoid the different ranking order of MULTIMOORA approaches, a new interval multi-approaches multi-attribute methodology, namely, technique of precise order preference (TPOP), is extended to provide precise ranking order. Findings The application and precision of proposed integrated IVHFL-MULTIMOORA methodology with TPOP is examined in a case study of healthcare systems. The results indicate the superiority of proposed methodology to prioritize and assess the failures as well as handling system uncertainty. Originality/value This study addresses the challenges of an organization to prioritize potential failures by implementing FMEA method. Moreover, this paper contributes to making the manager's ability in decision-making. The value of this study can be discussed in two aspects. First and foremost, this study provides a new FMEA-based methodology to rank failures

关键词： Children's sleep habits questionnaire   CSHQ   Sleep behavior   Children   Reliability   Italy  

摘要： Background: The Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ) is a parent-report questionnaire used to examine sleep behavior in children. Linguistic adaptation of CSHQ into several languages and/or psychometric analysis of reliability have been published. Main text: Our aim was to translate the original 33-items CSHQ from English to Italian and to examine its reliability for use in 4-10 years-old children of Italy. After translation and back-translation procedure of the original CSHQ, the Italian CSHQ (CSHQ-IT) was administered to 69 mothers of healthy children. Reliability of CSHQ-IT was examined by the internal consistency of the scale (using the Cronbach's alpha coefficient), and by the test-retest analysis obtained by asking mothers who had completed the CSHQ-IT at baseline to re-complete it after a two-week interval (measured with the Lin's Concordance Correlation Coefficient, CCC). The CSHQ-IT showed adequate internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.81 for the total scale). The total CSHQ-IT score showed a strong correlation in retests (CCC 0.87;95% Confidence Interval, 0.80;0.92). Conclusion: CSHQ-IT is a valuable tool for evaluating sleep behavior in children 4-10 years-old in Italy. Future research should be implemented to provide definitive validity of CSHQ-IT in children with sleep-disordered breathing.