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关键词： Linguistics   Numerical models   Biological system modeling   Computational modeling   Semantics   Decision making   Tools   Bounded confidence   computing with words (CW)   group decision making   opinion dynamics   personalized individual semantics (PIS)  

摘要： Opinion dynamics are investigated extensively to describe the process of opinion formation in groups of individuals. Most of the existing opinion dynamics models assume that the individuals express numerical opinions. However, this assumption does not consider the fact that people often express their opinions in a linguistic way. Particularly, for linguistic opinions, an important point to be highlighted in computing with words (CW) is that words mean different things to different people. In this article, following the idea of personalized individual semantics (PIS) model, we propose the PIS-based linguistic opinions dynamics model (PIS-LOD model) in the framework of bounded confidence effects. Then, some desired properties in the PIS-LOD model are discussed in detail. Furthermore, we design the detailed simulation experiments to show that the individuals' familiarity (which refers to the knowledge on others' semantics) and the PISs' differences have a great influence on the stabilized time, distributions of the extreme and moderate opinions, linguistic opinions distribution, semantics distribution, number of clusters, consensus reaching and the extremely small clusters. The results in this article are very helpful for us to understand the process of group opinion formation in a linguistic context.

关键词： Geomorphological instantaneous unit hydrograph   Drainage network   Hesitant probabilistic fuzzy linguistic sets   Uncertainty  

摘要： Digital elevation models (DEMs) enable extraction of stream networks, delineation of watersheds and determination of geomorphological characteristics. A widely used method for stream network extraction is to specify a threshold area required to initiate a channel. This is achieved by applying a threshold area value (As) in GIS software which displays the accumulated flow to each cell. In this study, the effect of the assigned As on the direct runoff hydrographs was analyzed. Of using different threshold values varying in a wide range, stream network extraction and watershed delineation were performed, and then stream orders, main channel lengths and related morphometric parameters were computed. The geomorphological instantaneous unit hydrograph (GIUH) theory was adopted to obtain the hydrological response of the watershed and three direct runoff hydrographs were considered for validation. Statistical parameters and cumulative density functions of both observed and simulated hydrographs were computed and uncertainty analysis was performed. The best performing value of As with respect to the stream order and main channel length was determined using hesitant probabilistic fuzzy linguistic sets for different runoff hydrographs and criteria considered. It was found that the As value affected the stream order as expected and a stream order of maximum 3 was adequate for estimation of the runoff hydrograph with acceptable accuracy without unreasonably increasing the computational effort.

关键词： Cross-linguistic study   vowel perception   child speech  

摘要： The present study examined the center and size of naive adult listeners' vowel perceptual space (VPS) in relation to listener language (LL) and talker age (TA). Adult listeners of three different first languages, American English, Greek, and Korean, categorized and rated the goodness of different vowels produced by 2-year-olds and 5-year-olds and adult speakers of those languages, and speakers of Cantonese and Japanese. The center (i.e., mean first and second formant frequencies (F1 and F2)) and size (i.e., area in the F1/F2 space) of VPSs that were categorized either into /a/, /i/, or /u/ were calculated for each LL and TA group. All center and size calculations were weighted by the goodness rating of each stimulus. The F1 and F2 values of the vowel category (VC) centers differed significantly by LL and TA. These effects were qualitatively different for the three vowel categories: English listeners had different /a/ and /u/ centers than Greek and Korean listeners. The size of VPSs did not differ significantly by LL, but did differ by TA and VCs: Greek and Korean listeners had larger vowel spaces when perceiving vowels produced by 2-year-olds than by 5-year-olds or adults, and English listeners had larger vowel spaces for /a/ than /i/ or /u/. Findings indicate that vowel perceptual categories of listeners varied by the nature of their native vowel system, and were sensitive to TA.

关键词： Linguistic validation   Equivalence   Translation   Cultural adaptation   Cognitive debriefing   Patient-reported outcome measures  

摘要： Background Head and neck cancers (HNC) and their treatments cause dysfunction and distress. Ongoing psychological assessment using disease-specific patient-reported measures may optimize clinical decision-making, facilitate interventions to reduce psychosocial burden. As most such measures are developed in English, non-English speaking patients are disadvantaged. This study translated HNC-specific measures (Body Image Scale, Patient Concerns Inventory, Zung's Self-Rating Anxiety and Depression Scales and Patient Health Questionnaire-9) into three Indian languages (Hindi, Tamil and Telugu) and linguistically validated them. Methods Translation followed established guidelines on translation and linguistic validation of measures. Process involved two independent forward translations, reconciliation, two independent backward translations by bilingual experts, and cognitive debriefing interviews with nine healthcare professionals (HCPs) and 29 HNC patients. Translated versions were compared with the original versions for semantic, cultural and conceptual equivalence. Results Overall, 17 Hindi items, 19 Tamil items and 13 Telugu items were identified to have semantic, cultural and/or conceptual issues. These were resolved to achieve equivalence with the original measures. Interviews with HCPs indicated that equivalent terms for words such as anxiety, panicky, sexuality, and self-conscious might be difficult to understand. Interviews with patients indicated all items were understandable, easy, sensitive, unambiguous and relevant. Hence, no further revisions were made. Conclusions The translated Hindi, Tamil and Telugu versions of the Body image scale, Patient concerns inventory, Zung's self-rating anxiety and depression scales and Patient health questionnaire-9 measures are conceptually and linguistically validated and equivalent with the original English versions. Psychometric validation of these measures with relevant patient populations is needed.

关键词： Second language writing   Linguistic knowledge   Working memory   Attention   Language burst   Pausing behavior  

摘要： Writing is a function of cognitive and linguistic resources and the writing processes. However, links between cognitive and linguistic resources and the writing process in second language (L2) writing are not well understood nor are their interactions with written products. This study examines the relationships among cognitive and linguistic resources (e.g., attention, working memory, L2 vocabulary knowledge, general knowledge, and L2 reading skills), writing processes (e.g., mean P-burst lengths [mean characters produced between pauses] and mean pause times), and written products (e.g., words per minute, text length, and text quality) in L2 writing. Participants were 100 L2 English learners in a US university. Path analyses showed that greater L2-literacy-related resources (vocabulary, reading, and general knowledge) were positively related to longer essays and high-rated essays. Findings also showed that greater attentional capacity and L2-literacy-related resources predicted shorter mean pause times, which in turn predicted longer essays and higher scoring essays. Furthermore, working memory had positive effects on L2-literacy-related resources, which in turn predicted longer and higher-rated essays. Lastly, P-burst length was related only to the number of words per minute. Overall, this study revealed more nuanced relationships among cognitive and linguistic resources, writing processes, and writing products in undergraduate L2 writing.

关键词： Financial products selection   Extended probabilistic linguistic term set   Extended incomplete additive probabilistic linguistic preference relation   Inverse prospect theory  

摘要： Selecting financial products is one of the most fundamental investment activities to both individuals and companies, and therefore it is very important to establish an efficient and practical method for financial products selection. To address the challenge of the complicated decision-making environment and decision makers' expression habits for the selection of financial products, this paper develops the incomplete additive probabilistic linguistic preference relation to depict decision makers' preferences. Considering that, when decision makers express their opinions using probabilistic linguistic preference relation, it is possible that the sum of the value of the probability information is more than 1, this paper also extends the concepts of probabilistic linguistic term set, additive probabilistic linguistic preference relation and incomplete additive probabilistic linguistic preference relation to improve and ensure their practicability. Moreover, an "inverse prospect theory-based" algorithm is proposed to choose proper financial products. The algorithm processes the original incomplete additive probabilistic linguistic preference relation by using the inverse functions of the prospect theory at first. Then, a priority weights deriving model is established based on the extended concepts. Finally, the numerical case and analysis is presented as the evidences to the conclusion that the proposed algorithm is practical and robust.

关键词： language   meaning   semantics   psycholinguistics   vision  

摘要： Natural languages like English connect pronunciations with meanings. Linguistic pronunciations can be described in ways that relate them to our motor system (e.g., to the movement of our lips and tongue). But how do linguistic meanings relate to our nonlinguistic cognitive systems? As a case study, we defend an explicit proposal about the meaning of most by comparing it to the closely related more: whereas more expresses a comparison between two independent subsets, most expresses a subset-superset comparison. Six experiments with adults and children demonstrate that these subtle differences between their meanings influence how participants organize and interrogate their visual world. In otherwise identical situations, changing the word from most to more affects preferences for picture-sentence matching (experiments 1-2), scene creation (experiments 3-4), memory for visual features (experiment 5), and accuracy on speeded truth judgments (experiment 6). These effects support the idea that the meanings of more and most are mental representations that provide detailed instructions to conceptual systems.

关键词： Turn-continuation   Grammaticalization   Interactional linguistics   Mandarin Chinese   Construction grammar  

摘要： Within Chinese conversation analytic studies, the phenomenon of turn-initial linguistic forms in turn-final positions has also been observed under a conversational phenomenon known as increments, or turn-continuations. A significant finding in Chinese turn-continuations, as opposed to English, is that many turn-initial forms can be appended to the end of a turn as a turn-continuation in a syntactically discontinuous manner. In fact, most Chinese turn-continuations turns out to be adverbials and modifiers of various sorts that under 'normative syntax' in Chinese would usually be placed before (or to the left of) the clause. By focusing on instances of turn-final time adverbial xianzai 'now', which is prolifically produced as either turn-continuations or as an integral part of a fixed construction, this study argues how the interactional practice of appending turn-continuations may constitute a grammaticalization pathway for various sorts of Chinese "right-dislocated" constructions. Hence, using an interactional perspective, a discoursefunctional explanation is provided for how turn-initial linguistic forms can come to be in turn-final position for Mandarin Chinese, and possibly for other typologically similar languages. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Cross-cultural interaction   Acute and critically ill patients   Ethnic minority   Culturally and linguistically diverse   ICU   Safety and quality  

摘要： Objectives: The aim of this review was to provide a synthesis of research on perceptions of safety and quality of care of patients from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds during acute and critical illness. Review method used: An integrative literature review based on the four-stage framework of Whittemore and Knafl was conducted including problem identification, a systematic literature search strategy, critical review of selected research articles, and integration of findings. Data sources: Primary research articles published between January 2008 and October 2020 were identified from seven databases: PubMed, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Web of Science, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (Medline), PsycINFO, the Cochrane Library, and Scopus electronic databases. The comprehensive search also included a manual search of citations and references from the selected articles. Review methods: Data extracted from studies included authors, year, country of origin, methodology and method, sample or participants, key findings, strengths, and limitations. The Critical Appraisal Skill Programme was used to evaluate the quality of studies. Results: Sixteen studies were included in the final analysis after critical appraisal. Four themes were identified: communication;the influence of culture, spirituality, and religion on care expectations;endof-life care;and organisational structure, policy, and culture. Conclusion: Research into patients from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds requiring care in acute and critical care areas is limited, in both the Australian and global context. There is an opportunity for future research in this area to inform the safety and quality of health care for this patient population and to enhance staff education and training programs. (c) 2020 Australian College of Critical Care Nurses Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Relative importance ratings   Customer requirements   Probabilistic linguistic preferences   Weights of evaluators   PLEV operator   Probabilistic linguistic-based GRA-TOPSIS method  

摘要： Quality function deployment (QFD) is a customer-oriented product/service design tool with diversified team members reaching a consensus in developing a new or an improved product/service to maximize customer satisfaction. Determining the relative importance ratings (RIRs) of customer requirements (CRs) is actually a multiple attribute decision making (MADM) problem, which is regarded as an essential step in QFD application. Although many decision making approaches have been developed to rate the CRs, few of them refer to derive the weights of evaluators, and there is paucity of literature which combines the probabilistic linguistic term sets (PLTSs) with QFD methodology. Therefore, PLTSs are introduced in our study, to simultaneously reflect the hesitancy and preference degrees of evaluators. A novel MADM technique based on probabilistic linguistic preference (PLP) is explored to calculate the RIRs among CRs under the PLP environment. Concretely, some operators, such as the normalization formulas, the probabilistic linguistic expected value (PLEV) operator as well as the standard formula, are applied to weight the decision makers;a modified grey relational analysis-technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (GRA-TOPSIS) method called probabilistic linguistic-based GRA-TOPSIS is also proposed to rate the relative importance over CRs. Finally, application of product improvement of a turbine engine is given to see the validity and feasibility of the proposed approach.