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关键词： cleft lip and/or palate   Conversation Analysis   linguistic strategies   parent-child interaction  

摘要： Background: Cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) presents a rather complex challenge that requires understanding beyond biological or clinical perspective. Even though inaccuracies in speech articulation are the common consequences of CL/P, individuals with repaired CL/P are likely to experience other language-associated issues. Studies on social interaction have generally reported the children to be passive interlocutors, despite having their surgical treatment at the early stages of life. Aims: This study aims to describe the linguistic strategies that parents employ when interacting with their repaired CL/P child. How parents allocate the next turn of speaking to their repaired CL/P child will be specifically examined. Methods & Procedures: Three parent-child pairs with each child having repaired CL/P were selected to participate in the study. Guided by the principles of Conversation Analysis, their everyday interactions in their homes were video-recorded and transcribed according to the Jefferson System of Transcription Notation (2004). The transcriptions were subsequently analysed in order to highlight the linguistic strategies. Outcomes & Results: Three main linguistic strategies are identified in the parents' turns when they allocate the next turn of speaking to their repaired CL/P child. Specifically, parents' turns are constructed through interrogative sentences in addition to using emphasis words and repeated elicitation of responses from their child. Conclusion & Implications: Parents' linguistic strategies are found to be restrictive as they limit children's active participation. Consequently, the interaction becomes asynchronous rather than synchronous, which could otherwise benefit children's language development. Findings provide information on how parents can be supported in order to foster a positive growth of the children's language development through everyday interactions.

关键词： Matrix game   Multiple criteria analysis   Probabilistic linguistic information   Membership function   Two-person   Zero-sum  

摘要： Game theory establishes mathematical models of strategic interactions among rational decision-makers. In many situations, the crisp values of payoffs are difficult to obtain while the probabilistic linguistic information is easy to collect. However, the existing research on matrix game did not consider the probabilistic linguistic information. To bridge this gap, this study takes the probabilistic linguistic information as the input of a two-person and zero-sum matrix game, and addresses the vague information by triangular membership functions. Such a two-person and zero-sum matrix game with probabilistic linguistic information is a useful technique for multiple criteria analysis. In addition, it outputs the same form of information as the inputs to increase the interpretability compared with other uncertain matrix games. An illustrative example about the forest management is provided to show the validity and advantages of the two-person and zero-sum matrix game with probabilistic linguistic information. (c) 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： MD analysis   Linguistic features   IJERAs   CLJERAs   CLJCRAs  

摘要： This paper presents the findings of a multidimentional contrastive analysis of linguistic features between international and Chinese local biology journal English research articles based on a large-scale comparallel corpus. While both international and Chinese local journal English research articles as academic discourse are characterized as objective, formal, abstract and informational in rhetoric, international journal English research articles (IJERAs) are found more interactive and context-independent while Chinese local journal English research articles (CLJERAs) are more certain in tone and context-dependent. The authors/translators of CLJERAs seem to purposefully add a large number of first-person pronouns absent in Chinese local journal Chinese research articles (CLJCRAs) and overuse passive voices to meet the English writing conventions. Such linguistic features as premodifiers and emphatics have been remained or transferred into English from Chinese in their translating or writing process. The implications for professional English writing are discussed in the paper.

关键词： praise   intergroup communication   LCM   speaker evaluation   intergroup biases  

摘要： This research examined how recipients reacted to group-directed praise formulated by ingroup or outgroup members and varying in linguistic abstraction. Study 1 (N = 81) showed that ingroup praise was perceived as more sincere when formulated in abstract (vs. concrete) terms, whereas outgroup praise formulated in abstract terms was seen as less sincere than concrete praise. In Study 2 (N = 89), recipients of outgroup praise formulated in abstract versus concrete terms attributed more hidden agenda and prejudice to the speaker, and perceived lower congruency between the speaker's words and beliefs;the opposite pattern occurred for ingroup praise. Perceptions of congruency and hidden agenda mediated the effects of speaker group membership and linguistic abstraction on recipients' perception of the praising message. This research points out that linguistic abstraction influences the appraisal of group-directed praise as it works as a cue of speakers' motives. It also suggests important implications for developing successful communications between groups.

关键词： Logical Form   Autonomous syntax   Truth-conditions   Pragmatics   Relevance theory   Formal semantics   Minimalist Program  

摘要： In mainstream generative grammar (MGG), Logical Form (LF) is at the same time a syntactic representation delivered by the grammar and a representation that can be truthconditionally evaluated. Iacona (2018) argues however that formal logic raises a problem for MGG's intrinsicalist notion of LF: logic requires that the logical form assigned to a sentence should not depend solely on the sentence itself, but also on the logical relations the sentence bears to other propositions in the language, making logicians' logical form dependent on something outside the sentence. This paper argues that LF is also not linguistic enough for linguistics because it is modelled on formal logic rather than on careful analysis of natural language and the natural articulations of linguistic utterances. This leads to a misidentification of the basic linguistic unit, which is not the sentence, and a misanalysis of the sentence's basic structure. The conclusion argues that the only methodologically sound basis for linguistic analysis is not truth, nor the sentence that expresses it, but rather the means that allow the speaker to produce the utterance in the first place, the stable pairings of meaning and sound corresponding to the units that the speaker has stored in memory. Crown Copyright (C) 2021 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Diagnostic terms   Schizophrenia   Psychiatry   Linguistics   Corpus linguistics  

摘要： Diagnostic terms in psychiatry like 'schizophrenia' and 'bipolar disorder' are deeply contested in the professional community, by mental health activists and the public. In this paper, we provide a theoretical framework for considering diagnostic terms as ordinary linguistic expressions and illustrate this approach by a corpus linguistic analysis of 'schizophrenia.' Our aim is to show how a focus on language itself can inform current and future debates about psychiatric terminology and provide new insights on relevant processes concerning their actual usage and change over time. We hope that this contributes to enhancing mutual understanding between different discourse spheres and stakeholders.

关键词： Group decision making   NPLPR   Disjunctive probability   Additive consistency and consensus  

摘要： This paper investigates decision making with normalized probabilistic linguistic preference relations (NPLPRs). Consistency analysis is indispensable for deriving the reasonable ranking. After recalling previous research, we find that all previous concepts cannot fully define consistent NPLPRs. As a fundamental topic of decision making with preference relations, it is necessary to further study the consistency of NPLPRs. For this purpose, an interactive algorithm for deriving disjunctive probabilistic additive linguistic preference relations (DPALPRs) is provided, by which an additive consistency concept for NPLPRs is defined. When NPLPRs are unacceptably consistent, models for obtaining acceptably additively consistent NPLPRs are built. Considering the situation where only incomplete NPLPRs are obtained, a disjunctive probability and additive consistency based interactive algorithm for ascertaining missing judgments is provided. Meanwhile, we discuss group decision making (GDM) with NPLPRs and offer a distance measure based formula to determine the weights of the decision makers. In addition, the method defines a consensus index and builds models for improving the consensus level. Under the additive consistency and consensus discussions, an interactive algorithm for GDM with NPLPRs is proposed. Finally, the new method is applied to select green raw material suppliers to illustrate the application and compared with several previous ones.

关键词： Immigration   Social labels   Political ideology   Political orientation   System Justification   Social context  

摘要： Contemporary discourse on domestic immigration policy varies widely based on political affiliation, linguistics, and regional differences. This experimental study aimed to concurrently investigate three social psychological bases of attitudes toward unauthorized immigrants in the USA: political ideology, social labels, and social context. Participants were 744 adults, recruited from "New York Community College" ("NYCC"/urban) and "New Jersey Community College" ("NJCC"/suburban), who were randomly assigned to one of two experimental conditions: "illegal" vs. "undocumented." Participants completed a scale measuring their attitudes toward unauthorized immigrants with the embedded label manipulation, followed by the General System Justification scale, and culminating with demographic items. Results demonstrated that whereas social context and political ideology both contributed significantly to the regression model, the social labels did not. Both high system justification and political conservatism predicted negative attitudes, but the latter effect was stronger for suburban students. Post hoc analyses revealed a significant difference between suburban and urban students in the frequency of the social labels "illegal" and "undocumented" heard and seen among family members, friends, and the media. Implications are discussed with a focus on system justification as an explanatory theory for immigration attitudes, as well as contextual effects for it.

关键词： second-language acquisition   listening   working memory   executive attention  

摘要： This paper examined the relationship between working memory (WM) and L2 linguistic knowledge as well as L2 listening comprehension with 150 Japanese EFL learners. The study also investigated the extent to which these relationships vary across L2 proficiency levels. The results in the study were as follows: (a) WM capacity was more strongly associated with L2 listening comprehension, L2 perceptual processing, and L2 syntactic parsing processing in the lower-proficiency group than in the higher-proficiency group;(b) L1 WM capacity still accounted for the unique variance in L2 listening comprehension after adjusting for the L2 language-related variables in the lower-proficiency group. The results suggest that the relationship between WM capacity and L2 listening comprehension may be mediated by L2 proficiency and depend on the domain-general processing efficiency reflecting central executive attention when the listening comprehension task requires conscious attention for less proficient listeners. The findings provide suggestive evidence for variation in the role of WM in L2 listening comprehension across proficiency levels and the significant role of L1 WM capacity in L2 listening comprehension as the general cognitive factor independent of L2 linguistic knowledge for L2 learners with limited linguistic knowledge.

关键词： CODAS method   IDOCRIW method   multiple attribute group decision making   probabilistic double hierarchy term set   the evaluation model of online shopping platform  

摘要： With the rapid advancement of Internet technology, the number of online shopping platforms has been increasing. Poor online shopping platform causes all sorts of trouble among the people despite convenience. A comprehensive and reasonable evaluation of online shopping platforms is of great significance. Therefore, this study establishes an online shopping platform evaluation model based on probability double linguistic-combinative distance-based assessment (PDHL-CODAS). First, the notion of probabilistic double hierarchy linguistic term sets (PDHLTSs) is reviewed. Then the distance formulas of PDHLTS are defined. Thereafter, cumulative prospect theory is used to generate the cumulative weight of probabilistic double hierarchy linguistic information. Additionally, the integrated determination of objective criteria weights method is introduced to calculate the objective weight. PDHL-CODAS method is established and applied to the evaluation of online shopping platforms. Finally, unlike the available probabilistic double hierarchy linguistic multiple attribute decision making methods, the defined method is scientifically effective.