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关键词： 额尔齐斯河   大型底栖动物   群落结构   多样性   水质评价  

摘要： 新疆额尔齐斯河是中国唯一流入北冰洋的河流,整个流域有着极为丰富的底栖动物资源。2012年7月、8月、10月与2013年5月分别对额尔齐斯河干流、5条主要支流以及附属水库的大型底栖动物群落结构特征进行了调查。结果表明:共采集大型底栖动物117种,其中水生昆虫106种(90.6%),软体动物6种(5.1%),寡毛类3种(2.6%),其他大型底栖动物2种(1.7%);优势种主要为似动蜉(Cinygmula sp.)、四节蜉(Baetis sp.)、直突摇蚊(Orthocladius sp.)、蜉蝣科(Ephemeridae sp.)、多足摇蚊(Polypedilum sp.)、摇蚊(Apedilum sp.)、霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)、短脉纹石娥(Cheumatopsyche sp.)、小蜉(Ephemerella sp.)、寡角摇蚊(Diamesa sp.);大型底栖动物的密度(P=0.558)与生物量(P=0.464)季节性差异不显著,年平均密度与生物量分别为519.05 ind·m-2、3.30g·m-2,大型底栖动物密度存在明显的空间差异,整体上上游(604.53 ind·m-2)高于下游(447.82 ind·m-2);大型底栖动物年平均Margalef指数、Shannon指数、Simpson指数、Pielou指数分别为1.12、0.53、0.65、0.52;聚类分析显示,多样性指数较低的185团北湾、布尔津河口、盐池、小635采样点聚为一类,其余各点聚为一类;利用科级生物指数(FBI)、Beck指数、Chandler生物记分制(CS)以及BMWP指数评价额尔齐斯河各段水质,整体上水质属轻度污染;Spearman相关性分析显示,水生昆虫的分布与水体透明度呈显著正相关,而寡毛类的分布与盐度、电导率和矿化度呈显著正相关,与电阻呈显著负相关,软体动物的分布与环境因子的关系不显著。

关键词： 国家重点实验室   特种经济动物   分子生物学   吉林省   培育   中国畜牧业协会   质量监督检验测试中心   专业委员会  

摘要： 杨福合，男，1957年8月生，研究员，博士生导师。现任中国农业科学院特产研究所所长，兼吉林省特种经济动物分子生物学重点实验室-省部共建国家重点实验室培育基地主任、农业部特种经济动植物及产品质量监督检验测试中心主任、国家畜禽遗传资源委员会委员、国家特种畜禽品种审定专业委员会主任委员、中国畜牧业协会副会长兼鹿业分会执行会长、中国农学会特产分会理事长、中韩鹿科技交流协会会长、国家参茸标准化委员会．副主任委员、吉林省动物保健品协会会长、吉林省特产学会理事长、吉林省农学会副理事长、政协吉林省第十届委员会委员。

关键词： 水产动物病原生物学   教学改革   教学质量  

摘要： 从教学内容、教学方法和实践教学等方面,对水产动物病原生物学教学改革进行探索和实践,以期达到提高教学质量,提高学生的综合素质、实践能力、创新和创业能力的目标。

关键词： bioinvasion   invasive species   reproductive cycle   growth   giant African snail  

摘要： The risks following introduction of invasive species are enormous and incalculable. Achatina fulica is considered one of the 100 species of greatest invasive potential, stands out among the land pulmonate snails, mostly for its high reproductive potential that accelerates the process of dispersion, increasing the damages related to health (disease transmission), to economy (crops destruction) and to environment (biodiversity loss). In order to investigate the relationship of the African snail with the environment, trying to relate sexual activity with climatic variables (temperature, rainfall and humidity), a study was conducted on aspects of population dynamics and reproductive biology in Salvador city. The snails were collected by hand, monthly. Morphometric data were obtained in the field and dissections to analyze the reproductive system at laboratory. To test if there was a greater sexual activity in wet periods was performed first a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) with climatic variables, followed by a regression between precipitation (the most influential environmental variable) and the variable of interest (sexual activity). The results showed that there is an apparent annual cycle for A. fulica, with a recruitment period covering the end of rainy season and the dry season (August to December 2006 and February 2007). Increase of shell size (height) and of sexual activity were observed during the rainy season, although snails were found in full sexual activity during the whole period of study. The von Bertalanffy curve showed that the oldest specimen collected would have three years and eleven months. The regression between precipitation and sexual activity was significant (P = 0.002) showing that the higher rainfall increased sexual activity. In addition, it was observed that there is an increase in the thickness of peristome as the specimens reaches sexual maturity however this relationship isn't precise (it were found individuals with sexual structures

关键词： FEMALE reproductive organs   SEMINAL vesicles   IMMUNE response   PREGNANCY in animals   REPRODUCTIVE technology  

摘要： Seminal fluid delivered to the female reproductive tract at coitus not only promotes the survival and fertilizing capacity of spermatozoa, but also contains potent signalling agents that influence female reproductive physiology to improve the chances of conception and reproductive success. Male to female seminal fluid signalling occurs in rodents, domestic and livestock animals, and all other mammals examined to date. Seminal plasma is instrumental in eliciting the female response, by provision of cytokines and prostaglandins synthesized in the male accessory glands. These agents bind to receptors on target cells in the cervix and uterus, activating changes in gene expression leading to functional adaptations in the female tissues. Sperm also interact with female tract cells, although the molecular basis of this interaction is not yet defined. The consequences are increased sperm survival and fertilization rates, conditioning of the female immune response to tolerate semen and the conceptus, and molecular and cellular changes in the endometrium that facilitate embryo development and implantation. Studies in porcine, equine, bovine, ovine and canine species all show evidence of male-female signalling function for seminal fluid. There are variations between species that relate to their different reproductive strategies and behaviours, particularly the site of seminal fluid deposition and female reproductive tract anatomy. Although the details of the molecular mechanisms require more study, the available data are consistent with both the sperm and plasma fractions of seminal fluid acting in a synergistic fashion to activate inflammation-like responses and downstream female tract changes in each of these species. Insight into the biological function and molecular basis of seminal fluid signalling in the female will inform new interventions and management practices to support optimal reproductive outcomes in domestic, livestock and endangered animal species.

关键词： Animals   Brain/growth & development   Brain/physiology   Child Development   Dopamine/physiology   Female   Hormones/physiology   Humans   Infant   Male   Mammals/physiology   Maternal Behavior/physiology   Oxytocin/physiology   Parenting   Paternal Behavior/physiology   Social Change  

摘要： Parents know the transformative nature of having and caring for a child. Among many mammals, giving birth leads from an aversion to infant stimuli to irresistible attraction. Here, we review the biological mechanisms governing this shift in parental motivation in mammals. Estrogen and progesterone prepare the uterus for embryo implantation and placental development. Prolactin stimulates milk production, whereas oxytocin initiates labor and triggers milk ejection during nursing. These same molecules, interacting with dopamine, also activate specific neural pathways to motivate parents to nurture, bond with, and protect their offspring. Parenting in turn shapes the neural development of the infant social brain. Recent work suggests that many of the principles governing parental behavior and its effect on infant development are conserved from rodent to humans.

关键词： Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease   Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patient   Cigarette Smoking Exposure   Serum Protein Level   Small Airway Epithelium  

摘要： Background: A relatively large percentage of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) develop systemic co-morbidities that affect prognosis, among which muscle wasting is particularly debilitating. Despite significant research effort, the pathophysiology of this important extrapulmonary manifestation is still unclear. A key question that remains unanswered is to what extent systemic inflammatory mediators might play a role in this pathology. Cigarette smoke (CS) is the main risk factor for developing COPD and therefore animal models chronically exposed to CS have been proposed for mechanistic studies and biomarker discovery. Although mice have been successfully used as a pre-clinical in vivo model to study the pulmonary effects of acute and chronic CS exposure, data suggest that they may be inadequate models for studying the effects of CS on peripheral muscle function. In contrast, recent findings indicate that the guinea pig model (Cavia porcellus) may better mimic muscle wasting. Methods: We have used a systems biology approach to compare the transcriptional profile of hindlimb skeletal muscles from a Guinea pig rodent model exposed to CS and/or chronic hypoxia to COPD patients with muscle wasting. Results: We show that guinea pigs exposed to long-term CS accurately reflect most of the transcriptional changes observed in dysfunctional limb muscle of severe COPD patients when compared to matched controls. Using network inference, we could then show that the expression profile in whole lung of genes encoding for soluble inflammatory mediators is informative of the molecular state of skeletal muscles in the guinea pig smoking model. Finally, we show that CXCL10 and CXCL9, two of the candidate systemic cytokines identified using this pre-clinical model, are indeed detected at significantly higher levels in serum of COPD patients, and that their serum protein level is inversely correlated with the expression of aerobic energy metabolism genes in skele

关键词： 中国科学家   基因组   绵羊   破译   动物生物学   华盛顿   新品种   小春  

摘要： 新华礼华盛顿6月5日电（记者林小春）由中国科学家领衔的一个国际科研小组5日宣布，历经5年时间，他们完成了对绵羊基因组的测序、组装及分析工作。这项成果使人们对反刍动物生物学有了崭新认识。更重要的是，中国是绵羊和山羊饲养及羊肉消费大国，新研究将促进选育出更优秀的肉羊新品种。

关键词： 中国科学家   基因组   绵羊   破译   动物生物学   新品种   反刍   肉羊  

摘要： 由中国科学家领衔的一个国际科研小组最近宣布，历经5年时间，完成了对绵羊基因组的测序、组装及分析工作。这项成果使人们对反刍动物生物学有了崭新认识，也将大大促进选育出更优秀的肉羊新品种。

关键词： 苜蓿皂苷   生物学功能   畜禽生产  

摘要： 苜蓿皂苷作为一种植物提取物,具有抗氧化、免疫促进活性、抗菌等多种生物学功能,并能降低血液中胆固醇含量。本文就苜蓿皂苷的含量分布、生物学功能及其对畜禽生产的影响作一综述。