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关键词： 底栖动物   天鹅洲故道   密度和生物量   水质评价  

摘要： 于2011年1月、5月、7月和10月按季度对天鹅洲长江故道底栖动物进行采样调查,并根据底栖动物群落结构对水质进行了生物学评价.结果表明:天鹅洲故道底栖动物有30种,其中水生昆虫14种,占46.67%;寡毛类8种,占26.67%;软体动物6种,占20.00%;其它类2种,占6.67%.优势种类为菱附摇蚊(Clinotanypus)、指突隐摇蚊(Cryptochironomus digitatus)、克拉泊水丝蚓(Limnodrilus claparedeianus)、霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri).底栖动物年均密度为558.37 ind·m-2,最大密度出现在冬季,春季最低;底栖动物年均生物量为14.03 g·m-2,最大生物量出现在秋季,春季最低.10个采样点中,其中8号年均密度最大,为1986.00 ind·m-2,7号年均生物量最大,为50.22 g·m-2,而6号年均密度和生物量都最小,分别为98.00ind·m-2和0.85 g·m-2.利用Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H’)、Margalef丰富度指数(d)、科级生物指数(FBI)和综合生物污染指数(BI)对故道水质进行综合评价,显示故道水体处于中-重污染(Ⅲ-Ⅳ),相比2003~2004年(Ⅱ)其水质污染状况有所下降.

关键词： 分子生物学   教学改革   教学模式  

摘要： 通过教学改革寻求适合专业特点的教学方法,提高教学质量,可为学生就业打好坚实专业基础。从教材选择、教学模式、实验教学及考核方式等方面对动物科学专业《分子生物学》教学改革进行了探讨。

关键词： SRY基因   哺乳动物   性别决定   睾丸决定基因   帕金森氏症  

摘要： SRY是哺乳动物的睾丸决定基因,在胚胎性别决定的窗口期短暂表达于生殖嵴体细胞,启动睾丸的分化,SRY有80个AA残基,是HMG超家族的一员。SRY基因还被发现在雄性大脑、肾脏、肾上腺和成熟精子中表达,涉及神经系统、肾素血管紧张素和雄激素受体系统。SRY基因还具有性别决定以外的功能,如雄性易发高发心血管疾病(高血压、心梗),雄性的争斗行和性行为及对多巴胺疾病的易感性(帕金森氏症和精神分裂)。

关键词： Ferritin   Iron   Oxidative stress   Neurodegeneration  

摘要： Iron is an abundant transition metal that is essential for life, being associated with many enzyme and oxygen carrier proteins involved in a variety of fundamental cellular processes. At the same time, the metal is potentially toxic due to its capacity to engage in the catalytic production of noxious reactive oxygen species. The control of iron availability in the cells is largely dependent on ferritins, ubiquitous proteins with storage and detoxification capacity. In mammals, cytosolic ferritins are composed of two types of subunits, the H and the L chain, assembled to form a 24-mer spherical cage. Ferritin is present also in mitochondria, in the form of a complex with 24 identical chains. Even though the proteins have been known for a long time, their study is a very active and interesting field yet. In this review, we will focus our attention to mammalian cytosolic and mitochondrial ferritins, describing the most recent advancement regarding their storage and antioxidant function, the effects of their genetic mutations in human pathology, and also the possible involvement in non-iron-related activities. We will also discuss recent evidence connecting ferritins and the toxicity of iron in a set of neurodegenerative disorder characterized by focal cerebral siderosis.

关键词： Cell biology   Molecular biology   Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology  

摘要： Mammalian organs are challenging to study as they are fairly inaccessible to experimental manipulation and optical observation. Recent advances in three-dimensional (3D) culture techniques, coupled with the ability to independently manipulate genetic and microenvironmental factors, have enabled the real-time study of mammalian tissues. These systems have been used to visualize the cellular basis of epithelial morphogenesis, to test the roles of specific genes in regulating cell behaviours within epithelial tissues and to elucidate the contribution of microenvironmental factors to normal and disease processes. Collectively, these novel models can be used to answer fundamental biological questions and generate replacement human tissues, and they enable testing of novel therapeutic approaches, often using patient-derived cells.

关键词： SYNTHETIC biology   CELLULAR signal transduction   PROTEIN folding   RNA ligases   RNA splicing   EXONS (Genetics)   ENDOPLASMIC reticulum  

摘要： Signaling in the ancestral branch of the unfolded protein response (UPR) is initiated by unconventional splicing of HAC1/XBP1 mRNA during endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. In mammals, IRE1a has been known to cleave the XBP1 intron. However, the enzyme responsible for ligation of two XBP1 exons remains unknown. Using an XBP1 splicing-based synthetic circuit, we identify RtcB as the primary UPR RNA ligase. In RtcB knockout cells, XBP1 mRNA splicing is defective during ER stress. Genetic rescue and in vitro splicing show that the RNA ligase activity of RtcB is directly required for the splicing of XBP1 mRNA. Taken together, these data demonstrate that RtcB is the long-sought RNA ligase that catalyzes unconventional RNA splicing during the mammalian UPR.

关键词： 生物量累积   物种   对数   累积值   群落结构   实验动物   生态学  

关键词： Neuropeptide   Echinoderm   SALMFamide   Starfish   Sea urchin   Sea cucumber  

摘要： The SALMFamides are a family of neuropeptides that occur in species belonging to the phylum Echinodermata. The prototypes for this neuropeptide family (S1 and S2) were discovered in starfish but subsequently SALMFamides were identified in other echinoderms. There are two types of SALMFamides: L-type, which have the C-terminal motif SxLxFamide, and F-type, which have the C-terminal motif SxFxFamide. They are derived from two types of precursor proteins: an L-type SALMFamide precursor, which comprises only L-type or L-type-like SALMFamides and an F-type SALMFamide precursor, which contains several F-type or F-type-like SALMFamides and, typically, one or more L-type SALMFamides. Thus, SALMFamides occur as heterogeneous mixtures of neuropeptides - a SALMFamide salmagundi. SALMFamides are produced by distinct populations of neurons in echinoderm larval and adult nervous systems and are present in the innervation of neuromuscular organs. Both L-type and F-type SALMFamides cause muscle relaxation in echinoderms and, for example, in starfish this effect of SALMFamides may mediate neural control of cardiac stomach eversion in species that feed extra-orally (e.g., Asterias rubens). The SALMFamide S1 also causes inhibition of neural release of a relaxin-like gonadotropin in the starfish Asterina pectinifera. An important issue that remains to be resolved are the relationships of SALMFamides with neuropeptides that have been identified in other phyla. However, it has been noted that the C-terminal SxLxFamide motif of L-type SALMFamides is a feature of some members of a bilaterian neuropeptide family that includes gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH) in vertebrates and SIFamide-type neuropeptides in protostomes. Similarly, the C-terminal FxFamide motif of F-type SALMFamides is a feature of vertebrate QRFP (26RFa)-type neuropeptides. These sequence similarities may provide a basis for molecular identification of receptors that mediate effects of SALMFamides. Furthermore, analys

关键词： 橡皮霰弹   生物学效应   X线表现  

摘要： 目的:近年来,防暴武器的发展迅速,防暴武器伤的救治已成为医学上的一个重要研究课题。在此背景下,制定了18.4 mm橡皮霰弹的生物学试验模型,即在常温状态下,研究18.4 mm橡皮霰弹对两种试验动物在不同距离、不同防护、不同部位条件下的胸、腹部损伤情况。通过损伤效应研究,判断防暴武器的安全性能及损伤特点,为客观的从生物学角度评价防暴武器性能及防暴武器伤的救治提供可靠的生物学依据,建立可靠的生物学模型,并进一步探讨损伤后X线检查的重要性和必要性。方法:利用两种动物、三个距离、三种防护、四个部位定点射击,从临床及X线表现等多方面进行比较、分析,并得出统计学结果。结果:两种生物、三种条件、三个距离、四个部位均出现了不同程度橡皮弹损伤,体内出现具有统计学规律的弹丸存留,部分出现贯通伤。结论:18.4 mm橡皮霰弹的损伤程度与距离增加呈负相关,三种距离条件下,5 m对生物的损伤最大。动物种类的不同,射击部位的不同,有着明显的损伤差异,主要与组织厚度和组织结构特点有关与组织厚度和组织结构特点有关。损伤的程度,与防护密切相关,三种防护条件下,棉服防护的损伤效应明显减轻。X线摄片检查可以直观显示弹丸在其体内存留的数量、位置及深度,以及造成的骨折损伤,可以为临床解剖提供比较可靠的依据,为防暴武器生物学试验提供较为直观的影像学依据。