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关键词： life history   host plant selection   host plant suitability   molluscicides  

摘要： Leidyula floridana (Leidy, 1851) (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Veronicellidae), also known as Florida leatherleaf slug, has long been known to be a pest of ornamental plants in southern Florida, and of food crops in the Caribbean region. Its geographic range is expanding, and it also has become an intermediate host for the nematode Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Chen, 1935) (Strongylida: Metastrongylidae), which can cause meningoencephalitis in humans and other primates if ingested. Thus, it is increasingly important that we understand its biology and management. We determined that about 50% survived more than 18 mo under laboratory conditions. It attained a maximum mean weight of about 13.4 g after 18 mo, but individuals as large as 28.5 g were occasionally obtained in our cultures. It burrowed in the soil or sought shelter during the daylight hours. Slugs began egg production when 3-7 g in weight, and deposited clusters of about 45 oval eggs in or atop the soil. Eggs measured about 7.4 mm in length and 4.8 mm in width, and commonly were produced by slugs 150-350 days after hatching. Older slugs, for the most part, seemed to be post-reproductive. Eggs hatched after about 2 weeks of incubation at 26 degrees C. Slugs burrowed into moist soil (>= 50% of soil moisture capacity) in preference to drier soil. When newly hatched slugs were fed various potential foods, they grew well on some vegetables and weeds, but not all. The ornamental plants evaluated were less suitable, as were miscellaneous materials such as mushrooms and animal feces. However, most materials allowed the slugs to survive for over 30 d, and if they were provided with suitable food thereafter, they commenced rapid growth. Larger slugs readily consumed the host plants suitable for growth of young slugs, and consumed measurable quantities of about 80% of the plant species presented. Thus, this species is very resilient, and many organic materials will allow them to survive protracted periods. The amount of leaf

关键词： Intercellular Communication   Recipient Cell   Extracellular Vesicle   Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis   Single Vesicle  

摘要： Muneesh Tewari shares his views on possible functions and applications of RNA transport by extracellular vesicles in animals.

关键词： Algorithms   Animals   Bronchi/cytology   Bronchi/metabolism   Cells, Cultured   Cytokines/metabolism   Databases, Factual   Epithelial Cells/cytology   Epithelial Cells/metabolism   Gene Expression Profiling   Gene Expression Regulation   Gene Regulatory Networks   Humans   Models, Animal   Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis   Phosphoproteins/metabolism   Phosphorylation   Rats   Software   Species Specificity   Systems Biology/methods   Translational Medical Research  

摘要： Motivation: Inferring how humans respond to external cues such as drugs, chemicals, viruses or hormones is an essential question in biomedicine. Very often, however, this question cannot be addressed because it is not possible to perform experiments in humans. A reasonable alternative consists of generating responses in animal models and 'translating' those results to humans. The limitations of such translation, however, are far from clear, and systematic assessments of its actual potential are urgently needed. sbv IMPROVER (systems biology verification for Industrial Methodology for PROcess VErification in Research) was designed as a series of challenges to address translatability between humans and rodents. This collaborative crowd-sourcing initiative invited scientists from around the world to apply their own computational methodologies on a multilayer systems biology dataset composed of phosphoproteomics, transcriptomics and cytokine data derived from normal human and rat bronchial epithelial cells exposed in parallel to 52 different stimuli under identical conditions. Our aim was to understand the limits of species-to-species translatability at different levels of biological organization: signaling, transcriptional and release of secreted factors (such as cytokines). Participating teams submitted 49 different solutions across the sub-challenges, two-thirds of which were statistically significantly better than random. Additionally, similar computational methods were found to range widely in their performance within the same challenge, and no single method emerged as a clear winner across all sub-challenges. Finally, computational methods were able to effectively translate some specific stimuli and biological processes in the lung epithelial system, such as DNA synthesis, cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix, translation, immune/inflammation and growth factor/proliferation pathways, better than the expected response similarity between species.

关键词： 国家重点实验室   特种经济动物   分子生物学   吉林省   培育   质量监督检验测试中心   中国农业科学院   中国畜牧业协会  

摘要： 杨福合，男，1957年8月生，研究员，博士生导师，现任中国农业科学院特产研究所所长，兼吉林省特种经济动物分子生物学重点实验室一省部共建国家重点实验室培育基地主任、农业部特种经济动植物及产品质量监督检验测试中心主任、国家畜禽遗传资源委员会委员、国家特种畜禽品种审定专业委员会主任委员、中国畜牧业协会副会长兼鹿业分会执行会长、

关键词： 底栖动物   群落结构   水质   生物监测   苕溪上游  

摘要： 2013年6月和10月,对苕溪上游临安段9个断面开展了底栖动物的调查研究,并利用生物指数对水质状况进行评价。调查期间共采集到底栖动物4门6纲27科46种,其中昆虫纲种类最多,出现频次最高的种是霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)、羽摇蚊属(Chironomus sp.)和苏氏尾鳃蚓(Branchiura sowerbyi)。底栖动物的平均密度和平均生物量分别为1 111 ind./m2和24.18 g/m2,按耐污值来划分以耐污种群和中等耐污种群占优势,共计占91.3%。利用底栖动物BI生物指数评价结果表明,苕溪上游临安段水质状况较差,除S2断面外,均处于中污染—重污染状态。

关键词： 国家重点实验室   特种经济动物   分子生物学   吉林省   培育   质量监督检验测试中心   中国农业科学院   中国畜牧业协会  

摘要： 杨福合,男,1957年8月生,研究员,博士生导师,现任中国农业科学院特产研究所所长,兼吉林省特种经济动物分子生物学重点实验室一省部共建国家重点实验室培育基地主任、农业部特种经济动植物及产品质量监督检验测试中心主任、国家畜禽遗传资源委员会委员、国家特种畜禽品种审定专业委员会主任委员、中国畜牧业协会副会长兼鹿业分会执行会长.

关键词： 保护生物学   濒危动物   动物研究所   陕西省   主任   川金丝猴   西北大学   爱因斯坦  

摘要： 爱因斯坦曾说，对于一切情况，只有“热爱”才是最好的老师。“小时候，看到父辈们香烟盒上漂亮的金丝猴，我就被深深吸引，从小就有想亲近这种灵气动物的愿望”。大学毕业后，王晓卫主动选择到西北大学川金丝猴研究团队进行深造，师从著名灵长类专家李保国教授，他希望通过自己的工作来保护这一全球珍稀物种。

关键词： legged robot   running robot   bipedal robot   principle extraction   knee direction   cost of transport  

摘要： Comparing the leg of an ostrich to that of a human suggests an important question to legged robot designers: should a robot's leg joint bend in the direction of running ('forwards') or opposite ('backwards')? Biological studies cannot answer this question for engineers due to significant differences between the biological and engineering domains. Instead, we investigated the inherent effect of joint bending direction on bipedal robot running efficiency by comparing energetically optimal gaits of a wide variety of robot designs sampled at random from a design space. We found that the great majority of robot designs have several locally optimal gaits with the knee bending backwards that are more efficient than the most efficient gait with the knee bending forwards. The most efficient backwards gaits do not exhibit lower touchdown losses than the most efficient forward gaits;rather, the improved efficiency of backwards gaits stems from lower torque and reduced motion at the hip. The reduced hip use of backwards gaits is enabled by the ability of the backwards knee, acting alone, to (1) propel the robot upwards and forwards simultaneously and (2) lift and protract the foot simultaneously. In the absence of other information, designers interested in building efficient bipedal robots with two-segment legs driven by electric motors should design the knee to bend backwards rather than forwards. Compared to common practices for choosing robot knee direction, application of this principle would have a strong tendency to improve robot efficiency and save design resources.

关键词： 国家重点实验室   特种经济动物   分子生物学   吉林省   培育   质量监督检验测试中心   中国农业科学院   畜禽遗传资源  

摘要： 杨福合，男，1957年8月生，研究员，博士生导师，现任中国农业科学院特产研究所所长，兼吉林省特种经济动物分子生物学重点实验室-省部共建国家重点实验室培育基地主任、农业部特种经济动植物及产品质量监督检验测试中心主任、国家畜禽遗传资源委员会委员、

关键词： 雅鲁河   大型底栖动物   群落结构   水质  

摘要： 在呼伦贝尔市境内雅鲁河流域设置12个点位采集大型底栖动物进行调查研究并对水质状况进行生物学评价。共采集到底栖动物24种,隶属于8目22科,其中水生昆虫19种,占总数79.2%,各点位种类不丰富。各点位优势种不同,但基本都以对水质敏感类群和中等耐污类群为主。各点位密度和生物量差异较大,底栖动物平均密度为89~493ind/m2,平均生物量为0.42~11.69g/m2。调查区域大型底栖动物以集食者和捕食者种类较多,分别为6种;各功能摄食类群分布受空间资源位的限制。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数评价结果为上游点位水质为轻-中污染型,下游点位水质为中-重污染型,BI指数评价结果显示除南大河水质为中度污染外,其余点位水质均为清洁。