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关键词： 大型底栖动物   群落特征   生物多样性   ABC曲线   相似性分析  

摘要： 为了解板桥水库大型底栖动物群落结构动态特征并对其水质进行生物学评价,在该水库设置15个采样点,于2014年1—11月按季节进行调查.结果表明:在板桥水库采集到大型底栖动物17种,隶属于3门4纲5科,其中摇蚊幼虫8种、寡毛类4种、软体动物5种.铜锈环棱螺、河蚬、苏氏尾鳃蚓、粗腹摇蚊和雕翅摇蚊为现阶段板桥水库的重要物种.大型底栖动物密度、生物量和多样性指数存在空间和时间差异性.ANOSIM分析显示,大型底栖动物群落结构在不同区域和季节间均存在显著差异,其主要贡献物种为雕翅摇蚊、粗腹摇蚊和苏氏尾鳃蚓.经丰度-生物量比较曲线(ABC曲线)分析,板桥水库大型底栖动物群落稳定,结合物种多样性指数、生物学污染指数(BPI)和Hilsenhoff生物指数(BI)评价结果,板桥水库的水质处于轻度污染水平.

关键词： 国家重点实验室   特种经济动物   分子生物学   吉林省   培育   质量监督检验测试中心   中国农业科学院   中国畜牧业协会  

摘要： 杨福合，男，1957年8月生，研究员，博士生导师，现任中国农业科学院特产研究所所长。兼吉林省特种经济动物分子生物学重点实验室一省部共建国家重点实验室培育基地主任、农业部特种经济动植物及产品质量监督检验测试中心主任、国家畜禽遗传资源委员会委员、国家特种畜禽品种审定专业委员会主任委员、中国畜牧业协会副会长兼鹿业分会执行会长。

关键词： 草海湿地   大型底栖动物   群落结构   生物学评价  

摘要： 2014年7月至12月,对贵州草海湿地自然保护区9个采样点的大型底栖动物种类组成、分布和现存量进行调查,利用指示生物结合生物学指数进行水质评价。结果表明,草海湿地自然保护区大型底栖动物物种种类丰富,生物多样性较高,共发现大型底栖动物29种,隶属于3门6纲15科,昆虫纲和腹足纲为绝对优势种,分别为6种、16种;寡毛纲2种,蛭纲2种,甲壳纲2种,瓣鳃纲1种,物种分析表明纹沼螺、静水椎实螺、赤豆螺、苏氏尾鳃蚓、雕翅摇蚊、卵萝卜螺、葛氏米虾、梨形环稜螺、拟钉螺、环足摇蚊为草海湿地优势种。草海湿地大型底栖动物密度在各样点呈现一定差异,DⅤ最大,为1 824 ind/m2,DⅦ最小,为96 ind/m2,在9采样点中生物量值的变化范围为2.74~557.03 g/m2,平均生物量为168.13 g/m2,Margalef指数平均值为1.62,Shannon-Wiener指数平均值为2.49,采用生物学污染指数（IBP）与Chandler生物指数（ICB）对草海湿地的水质进行生物评价,结果得出目前该水体处于中度污染状态。

关键词： 动物微生物学   实验课程   教学改革   创新能力   综合能力  

摘要： 动物微生物学是一门应用性、实践性很强的学科,其实验课程内容紧密联系生产实际和科学研究前沿。在动物微生物学课程实验教学中,通过改革传统的实验内容,开设一些设计性、综合性实验,改进实验教学方法,采用先进教学手段,以培养符合社会需求,具有综合创新能力的人才。

关键词： BIOCHEMICAL markers   PHYSICAL activity   EXERCISE   MALE reproductive health   SPERMATOGENESIS   MALE infertility  

摘要： Exercise and physical activity have long been recognized for health promotion and to delay the onset of many pathological situations such as diabetes and cancers. Still, there appears to be an upper limit on the beneficial health effects regarding intensity and frequency of exercise training. In humans, the effect of exercise training in the male reproductive system has been studied mainly through the analysis of semen quality parameters, with inconsistent results. Less is known on molecular biomarkers of exercise-related changes in testis at the protein/proteome level. This review offers an in-depth analysis on the small scale protein studies available primarily from the preclinical studies and interprets their functional impact on the reproductive health with a view to humans. In all, exercise training in preclinical models seems to negatively modulate, in the course of health, critical functions that directly affect spermatogenesis, such as testosterone biosynthesis, energy supply, and antioxidant system components. Exercise training induces apoptosis, leading to the impairment of spermatogenesis and, consequently, to male infertility. In pathological conditions, an improvement in the testicular functions is observed by increases in steroidogenic enzymes and antioxidant defenses, and reductions in activity of inflammatory pathways. Importantly, the mechanisms by which exercise training modulates the reproductive function are far from being fully understood. The analyses of the testis proteome in varying exercise conditions would inform the molecular mechanisms involved and identify putative theranostics opportunities. Such future research is a cornerstone for health promotion in the pursuit of reproductive health informed by omics systems sciences.

关键词： Phytoseiidae   Galendromus occidentalis   Amblydromella caudiglans   Biological control   Spider mite   Apple  

摘要： The successful integrated mite management program for Washington apples was based on conservation of the mite predator Galendromus occidentalis (Nesbitt). In the 1960s, this mite was assumed to be the only phytoseiid in Washington commercial apple orchards, due to its preference for the most common mite pest of that period, Tetranychus mcdanieli McGregor, as well as its resistance to organophosphate pesticides. A recent survey of phytoseiids in Washington apple found that another phytoseiid, Amblydromella caudiglans (Schuster) has become common. It is a more generalized predator than G. occidentalis (it is not a Tetranychus spp. specialist) and is not known to be organophosphate-resistant. A series of experiments was conducted to compare the life history, prey consumption, and pesticide tolerance of these two species. Galendromus occidentalis developed more quickly than A. caudiglans, but had slightly lower egg survival. Although A. caudiglans attacked more Tetranychus urticae Koch eggs than G. occidentalis, it could not reproduce on this diet. Both predators performed equally well on a diet of T. urticae protonymphs. Unlike G. occidentalis, A. caudiglans experienced significant mortality when exposed to carbaryl, azinphosmethyl, and bifenazate. Both predators experienced significant mortality due to imidacloprid and spinetoram. These results highlight the key differences between these two predators;the shift away from organophosphate use as well as the change in dominant mite pest to Panonychus ulmi (Koch) may be driving factors for the observed increased abundance of A. caudiglans in Washington apple.

关键词： PREFACES & forewords   ANNUAL meetings   PERIODICALS -- Articles   PUBLISHERS & publishing   BIOLOGY -- Periodicals  

摘要： Fossil bone microanalyses reveal the ontogenetic histories of extinct tetrapods, but incomplete fossil records often result in small sample sets lacking statistical strength. In contrast, a histological sample of 50 tibiae of the hadrosaurid dinosaur Maiasaura peeblesorum allows predictions of annual growth and ecological interpretations based on more histologic data than any previous large sample study. Tibia length correlates well (R-2>0.9) with diaphyseal circumference, cortical area, and bone wall thickness, thereby allowing longitudinal predictions of annual body size increases based on growth mark circumference measurements. With an avian level apposition rate of 86.4 mu m/day, Maiasaura achieved over half of asymptotic tibia diaphyseal circumference within its first year. Mortality rate for the first year was 89.9% but a seven year period of peak performance followed, when survivorship (mean mortality rate=12.7%) was highest. During the third year of life, Maiasaura attained 36% (x=1260 kg) of asymptotic body mass, growth rate was decelerating (18.2 mu m/day), cortical vascular orientation changed, and mortality rate briefly increased. These transitions may indicate onset of sexual maturity and corresponding reallocation of resources to reproduction. Skeletal maturity and senescence occurred after 8 years, at which point the mean mortality rate increased to 44.4%. Compared with Alligator, an extant relative, Maiasaura exhibits rapid cortical increase early in ontogeny, while Alligator cortical growth is much lower and protracted throughout ontogeny. Our life history synthesis of Maiasaura utilizes the largest histological sample size for any extinct tetrapod species thus far, demonstrating how large sample microanalyses strengthen paleobiological interpretations.

关键词： Mammalia   biology   Biological Science Disciplines  

摘要： Paleobiologists must propose a priori hypotheses of homology when conducting a phylogenetic analysis of extinct taxa. The distributions of such "primary" homologies among species are fundamental to phylogeny reconstruction because they reflect a prior belief in what constitutes comparable organismal elements and are the principal determinants of the outcome of phylogenetic analysis. Problems arise when fossil morphology presents seemingly equivocal hypotheses of homology, herein referred to as antinomies. In groups where homology recognition has been elusive, such as echinoderms, these problems are commonly accompanied by the presence (and persistence) of poor descriptive terminology in taxonomic literature that confounds an understanding of characters and stymy phylogenetic research. This paper combines fossil morphology, phylogenetic systematics, and insights from evolutionary developmental biology to outline a research program in Phylogenetic Paleo-ontogeny. A "paleo" ontogenetic approach to character analysis provides a logical basis for homology recognition and discerning patterns of character evolution in a phylogenetic context. To illustrate the utility of the paleo-ontogenetic approach, I present a reassessment of historically contentious plate homologies for "pan-cladid" crinoids (Cladida, Flexibilia, Articulata). Developmental patterns in living crinoids were combined with the fossil record of pan-cladid morphologies to investigate primary posterior plate homologies. Results suggest the sequence of morphologic transitions unfolding during the ontogeny of extant crinoids are developmental relics of their Paleozoic precursors. Developmental genetic modules controlling posterior plate development in pan-cladid crinoids have likely experienced considerable constraint for over 250 million years and limited morphologic diversity in the complexity of calyx characters. Future phylogenetic analyses of pan-cladids are recommended to consider the presence of a single