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关键词： 绿原酸   生物学功能   动物生产  

摘要： 本文归纳总结了绿原酸的抗氧化、抗炎、抗微生物及免疫调节等生物学功能及其在动物生产中的应用,以期能更好地将其应用于动物生产。

关键词： 肝火亢盛证   自发性高血压大鼠   生物学基础  

摘要： 目的：研究高血压肝火亢盛证动物模型的生物学基础。方法 Wistar 和自发性高血压大鼠（sponta-neously hypertensive rats，SHR）各20只，分别设为 Wistar 组和 SHR 组，观察2组大鼠的宏观表征、行为学及血压变化，用免疫组化法及 Elisa 测定大鼠脑内及血清中的 NE 含量。根据大鼠临床证候诊断标准对动物表征的证候属性进行判断。结果2组大鼠收缩压均会随着周龄增加而增加，SHR 大鼠在各周龄明显高于 Wistar 大鼠，差异有统计学意义（P ＜0.05）；SHR 大鼠随着周龄增加其易激怒的评分会逐渐增加，旋转耐受时间会随着周龄的增加而减少，而 Wistar 大鼠评分波动幅度及旋转耐受时间波动幅度不明显，2组大鼠不同时间易激怒评分差异和旋转耐受时间差异有统计学意义（P ＜0.05）；随着周龄的增加，2组大鼠5-HT 在逐渐减小，NE 在逐渐增加，SHR 变化幅度明显大于 Wistar，2组差异有统计学意义（P ＜0.05）。结论 SRH 大鼠在14~18周龄为肝火亢盛证的稳定期，和大鼠血液和脑内 NE 的含量有很大关系，可作为 SHR 肝火亢盛证的客观指标。

关键词： 骨水泥   磷酸钙   硅酸三钙   动物实验  

摘要： 目的通过动物实验观察一种新型的硅酸盐可吸收性骨水泥的生物相容性、生物降解性和成骨特性。方法选取24只新西兰大白兔,在双侧股骨髁部钻取直径5 mm、高10 mm圆柱形骨缺损,分别置入磷酸钙骨水泥(calcium phosphate cements,CPC,对照组)和磷酸钙-硅酸三钙复合骨水泥(calcium phosphate cements-calcium silicate,CPC-CS,材料组),术后4、8、12周分别处死8只动物,行X线检查和HE染色观察材料在体内的降解和新骨形成情况。结果 4周时材料组和对照组材料无降解,HE染色观察材料-骨组织之间均形成纤维层,8周时材料组材料降解变软,对照组材料降解不明显,对照组和材料组材料-骨之间纤维组织逐渐被新骨取代,材料组材料-骨之间结合面积明显较大,有较多新生骨;12周时,材料组材料降解明显,内部明显发生碎裂,有新生骨长入,对照组材料仅部分降解,对照组材料降解率为32.4%,材料组为45.4%,材料组降解速率显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论磷酸钙-硅酸三钙复合骨水泥具备单纯磷酸钙类似的生物相容性,并且在力学强度、表面成骨活性和降解性方面有一定改善,通过进一步的优化有可能成为一种具有很好应用前景的新型生物活性骨修复材料。

关键词： ERRATA (Publishing)   BIODIVERSITY   TADPOLES   AMPHIBIANS   GENETIC barcoding  

关键词： Thermal preference   Geographic variation   Scorpions  

摘要： Environmental temperatures can significantly influence the behavior and physiology of terrestrial ectotherms. Small-bodied terrestrial ectotherms can moderate their body temperatures behaviorally via thermoregulation;however, favorable thermal refuges may be limited across heterogeneous landscapes. In such cases, differences in the thermal environment may generate variation in preferred body temperatures among disparate populations. We tested whether geographic variation in preferred body temperatures existed for the Arizona bark scorpion Centruroides sculpturatus, an arachnid widely distributed across the Sonoran Desert. We predicted that geographic variation in thermal preference would exist between populations from a xeric, low-elevation site in western Arizona (Quartzsite) and a cooler, high-elevation site in eastern Arizona (Pinaleno Mountains). We found that scorpions from the Pinaleno Mountains were smaller in body size and exhibited significantly warmer diurnal body temperatures compared to scorpions from Quartzsite. However, no significant difference was detected in the preferred nocturnal temperatures of scorpions from either locality. Scorpions from the Pinaleno Mountains may have shifted their thermoregulatory patterns and selected warmer temperatures during the day as a way to maximize their exposure to favorable temperatures. Less time with mean temperatures within the preferred range of body temperatures may have also lowered metabolic rates of C sculpturatus in the Pinaleno Mountains, resulting in their smaller female body sizes. The ability of C sculpturatus to adapt to different thermal regimes may reflect variation in a life history trait which has allowed them to thrive and expand their distribution across the American Southwest. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Animal models   Antidepressants   Human brain   Major depressive disorder  

摘要： The neurobiological basis of major depressive disorder (MDD) is only partially understood. The proposed hypotheses postulate dysregulations of monoaminergic and other neurotransmitter pathways, impaired stress responses, insufficient neurogenetic and neurotrophic processes generating maladaptive neuroplasticity, inappropriate inflammatory and metabolic responses. Proteomic approaches can provide useful contributions to the investigation of the molecular neurobiology of MDD due to their open-ended nature. Studies performed in brain regions of MDD patients which had received antidepressant (AD) treatment showed that affected proteins mainly belonged to energy pathways, transport of molecules, signaling, and synaptic transmission. Studies performed in animal models offer the advantage of more controlled experimental conditions at the expense of potential loss in relevance. The design of proteomic investigations included experiments carried out in MDD models, in naive animals treated with ADs, and in animal models subjected to AD treatments. A comparison of results suggested an overlap of several modulated pathways between MDD patients and animal models. Examples include the regulation of energy metabolism, especially oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis, signal transduction pathways, including calcium-calmodulin kinase II, synaptic proteins, and cytoskeletal proteins. Nevertheless, the paucity of studies performed in human brains requires additional studies to confirm the correspondence.

关键词： Thermal preference   Critical thermal limits   Thermal window  

摘要： On the Yucatan Peninsula there is an upwelling which allows access to a body of cold water that controls temperature in this area. This modulates the ecology and distribution of organisms that inhabit the continental shelf. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of different acclimation temperatures on the thermal biology of prey as mollusc, crustacean (Melongena corona bispinosa, Strombus pugilis, Callinectes similis, Libinia dubia) and predators as fish (Ocyurus chlysurus, Centropomus undecimalis) of Octopus maya. Octopus prey preferred temperatures between 23.5 degrees C and 26.0 degrees C, while predators preferred temperatures 26.4-28.5 degrees C. The species with largest thermal windows were M. corona bispinosa (328.8 degrees C-2), C simi/is (322.8 degrees C-2), L. dubia (319.2 degrees C-2), C. undecimalis (288.6 degrees C-2), 0. chrysurus (237.5 degrees C-2), while the smallest thermal window was for S. pugilis (202.0 degrees C-2). The acclimation response ratios (ARR)-estimated for prey ranged from 0.24-0.55 in animals exposed to CTMax and 0.21-0.65 in those exposed to CTMin. Amongst predators, ARR ranged from 0.30 to 0.60 and 0.41 to 0.53 for animals exposed to CTMax and CTMin, respectively. Correlating the optimal temperature limits of prey and predators with surface temperatures on the continental shelf and those 4 m deep showed that the main prey, Callinectes similis and L dubia, shared a thermal niche and that an increase in temperature could force these species to migrate to other sites to find optimal temperatures for their physiological functions. As a consequence the continental shelf community would undergo a structural change. Predators were found to be near their optimal temperatures in surface temperatures on the continental shelf. We conclude that they would remain in the area in a warming scenario. The size of the thermal window was related to the type of ecosystem inhabited by these species. These ARR intervals allowed us to

关键词： polychaetes   invertebrate reproduction   simultaneous hermaphroditism   protandry   brooding   developmental patterns   northern Spain   Iberian estuaries   Bay of Biscay  

摘要： The polychaetous annelid Diopatra biscayensis Fauchald et al., 2012 was recently described from the Atlantic coast of France. It has been the subject of a plethora of publications dealing with its importance in the field of ecology: from its role as an ecosystem engineer, being an indicative species of climate change in western Europe to questions of whether it was native or introduced to the old continent, spawning theories about its hypothetical routes of introduction and spreading. We have redescribed D. biscayensis, traced its biogeographical history in the Bay of Biscay through examination of old museum holdings and studied its ecology and reproductive biology throughout a one year period from a northern Spain estuary, showing for the first time that the species is a protandric simultaneous hermaphrodite. The annual spawning season is from early August to late September, when large numbers of oocytes of 260 gm diameter were deposited in gelatinous egg masses attached to the parental tubes. Early trochophores developed in the jelly mass by 4-6 h, 3-chaetiger metatrochophores after 48 h, and the jelly mass had totally disintegrated by 72 h, releasing the lecithotrophic larvae. Our studies have clarified the morphology and reproductive pattern of D. biscayensis, documented that the species has inhabited the European waters for more than a century and we hope that these findings will serve as a basis to robust ecological studies and hypotheses concerning this and the related species. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Lepidobatrachus   Xenopus   Amphibian   Embryo   Stages   Scaling  

摘要： The large size and rapid development of amphibian embryos has facilitated ground-breaking discoveries in developmental biology. Here, we describe the embryogenesis of the Budgett's frog (Lepidobatrachus laevis), an unusual species with eggs that are over twice the diameter of laboratory Xenopus, and embryos that can tolerate higher temperatures to develop into a tadpole four times more rapidly. In addition to detailing their early development, we demonstrate that, like Xenopus, these embryos are amenable to explant culture assays and can express exogenous transcripts in a tissue-specific manner. Moreover, the steep developmental trajectory and large scale of Lepidobatrachus make it exceptionally well-suited for morphogenesis research. For example, the developing organs of the Budgett's frog are massive compared to those of most model species, and are composed of larger individual cells, thereby affording increased subcellular resolution of early vertebrate organogenesis. Furthermore, we found that complete limb regeneration, which typically requires months to achieve in most vertebrate models, occurs in a matter of days in the Budgett's tadpole, which substantially accelerates the pace of experimentation. Thus, the unusual combination of the greater size and speed of the Budgett's frog model provides inimitable advantages for developmental studies and a novel inroad to address the mechanisms of spatiotemporal scaling during evolution. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： Parents   Social buffering   Fear   Stress   Amygdala   Prefrontal cortex  

摘要： It has been long recognized that parents exert profound influences on child development. Dating back to at least the seventeenth-century Enlightenment, the ability for parents to shape child behavior in an enduring way has been noted. Twentieth-century scholars developed theories to explain how parenting histories influence psychological development, and since that time, the number of scientific publications on parenting influences in both human and nonhuman animal fields has grown at an exponential rate, reaching numbers in the thousands by 2015. This special issue describes a symposium delivered by Megan Gunnar, Regina Sullivan, Mar Sanchez, and Nim Tottenham in the Fall of 2014 at the Society for Social Neuroscience. The goal of the symposium was to describe the emerging knowledge on neurobiological mechanisms that mediate parent-offspring interactions across three different species: rodent, monkey, and human. The talks were aimed at designing testable models of parenting effects on the development of emotional and stress regulation. Specifically, the symposium aimed at characterizing the special modulatory (buffering) effects of parental cues on fear- and stress-relevant neurobiology and behaviors of the offspring and to discuss examples of impaired buffering when the parent-infant relationship is disrupted.