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关键词： 大型底栖无脊椎动物   综合生物指数   生物学评价   珠江  

摘要： 2011年和2012年调查了珠江流域66个样点的底栖动物和水化学指标,利用2011年北江11个样点和郁江17个样点的底栖动物群落和水化学指标,采用主成分分析法获得综合环境因子(主成分1和主成分2)。分析36个候选底栖动物参数与环境因子间的相关性,结合参数的分布范围,确定适于珠江流域开展河流生态系统生物学质量评价的3个底栖动物参数:双翅目百分比、刮食者百分比和BI指数,进而构建了珠江流域河流生物学质量评价的综合生物指数及评价等级(清洁、轻度污染、中度污染和重度污染)。66个样点的综合生物指数评价结果显示,珠江流域河流生物学质量以轻度至中度污染为主,占80.3%,清洁占13.6%,重度污染占有6%。研究表明,在珠江流域应用底栖动物开展中大型河流水质生物学评价具有良好的应用前景。

关键词： 动物微生物学   实践教学   项目教学法   应用型人才  

摘要： 《动物微生物学》实践教学是以培养应用型人才为目标.针对目前《动物微生物学》实践教学中存在的问题,引入项目教学法,通过对实验教学与实践模式的改革,使学生、教师、理论、实践与应用有效地结合起来,以期提高《动物微生物学》实践教学质量,培养应用型的专业人才.

关键词： ecology   biological control   prey suitability   striped mealybug   lady beetle   essential prey  

摘要： Zagreus bimaculosus Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is naturally found in various agroecosystems in association with striped mealybugs (Pseudococcidae). In this study, the striped mealybug recently found in Brazil, Ferrisia dasylirii (Cockerell) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), and an alternative food commonly used for mass rearing of various coccinellids, eggs of Anagasta kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), were evaluated as diets for the development and reproduction of Z. bimaculosus. The developmental time required from larva to adult was similar (approximately 34 days) in beetles consuming either diet. The survival rate of immature Z. bimaculosus was higher when fed A. kuehniella eggs than when fed F. dasylirii. However, Z. bimaculosus females fed F. dasylirii had approximately five times longer longevity and 30 times more fecundity than those fed A. kuehniella eggs. Since both diets provided for the development of immature stages and adult reproduction of the coccinellid and can be considered as essential food for Z. bimaculosus, both diets can be used in Z. bimaculosus mass rearing.

关键词： Mammalia   Multituberculata   Taeniolabidoidea   Sphenopsalis   Paleogene   Erlian Basin   Inner Mongolia   China  

摘要： Multituberculates are the most diverse and best known group of Mesozoic mammals;they also persisted into the Paleogene and became extinct in the Eocene, possibly outcompeted by rodents that have similar morphological and presumably ecological adaptations. Among the Paleogene multituberculates, those that have the largest body sizes belong to taeniolabidoids, which contain several derived species from North America and Asia and some species with uncertain taxonomic positions. Of the known taeniolabidoids, the poorest known taxon is Sphenopsalis nobilis from Mongolia and Inner Mongolia, China, represented previously by a few isolated teeth. Its relationship with other multituberculates thus has remained unclear. Here we report new specimens of Sphenopsalis nobilis collected from the upper Paleocene of the Erlian Basin, Inner Mongolia, China, during a multi-year field effort beginning in 2000. These new specimens document substantial parts of the dental, partial cranial and postcranial morphologies of Sphenopsalis, including the upper and lower incisors, partial premolars, complete upper and lower molars, a partial rostrum, fragments of the skull roof, middle ear cavity, a partial scapula, and partial limb bones. With the new specimens we are able to present a detailed description of Sphenopsalis, comparisons among relevant taeniolabidoids, and brief phylogenetic analyses based on a dataset consisting of 43 taxa and 102 characters. In light of the new evidence, we assess the phylogenetic position of Sphenopsalis and re-establish the family Lambdopsalidae. The monophyly of Taeniolabidoidea is supported in all our phylogenetic analyses. Within Taeniolabidoidea the Asian lambdopsalids and the North American taeniolabidids represent two significantly different trends of adaptations, one characterized by shearing (lambdopsalids) and the other by crushing and grinding (taeniolabidids) in mastication, which supports their wider systematic separation, as speculated when Spheno

关键词： NONFICTION   ARCTIC regions -- Environmental conditions  

关键词： MARINE mammals   NONFICTION  

关键词： Behaviour   Climate change   Habitat degradation   Marsupial   Predation   Physiology  

摘要： Ecosystems can change rapidly and sometimes irreversibly due to a number of anthropogenic and natural factors, such as deforestation and fire. How individual animals exposed to such changes respond behaviourally and physiologically is poorly understood. We quantified the phenotypic plasticity of activity patterns and torpor use - a highly efficient energy conservation mechanism - in brown antechinus (Antechinus stuartii), a small Australian marsupial Mammal. We compared groups in densely vegetated forest areas (pre-fire and control) with a group in a burned, open habitat (post-fire). Activity and torpor patterns differed among groups and sexes. Females in the post-fire group spent significantly less time active than the other groups, both during the day and night. However, in males only daytime activity declined in the post-fire group, although overall activity was also reduced on cold days in males for all groups. The reduction in total or diurnal activity in the post-fire group was made energetically possible by a similar to 3.4-fold and similar to 2.2-fold increase in the proportion of time females and males, respectively, used torpor in comparison to that in the pre-fire and control groups. Overall, likely due to reproductive needs, torpor was more pronounced in females than in males, but low ambient temperatures increased torpor bout duration in both sexes. Importantly, for both male and female antechinus and likely other small mammals, predator avoidance and energy conservation - achieved by reduced activity and increased torpor use - appear to be vital for post-fire survival where ground cover and refuges have been obliterated. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： 非编码RNA   小ncRNA   中等长度ncRNA   lncRNA   看家性RNA   调节性RNA  

摘要： 非编码RNA（nc RNA）是指非蛋白质编码的其他所有RNA,大小为20~10 000 nt,广泛存在于各种生物尤其是哺乳动物细胞中。nc RNA在细胞的各种生命活动中发挥重要生物学功能。nc RNA按生物学功能特性可以分为看家nc RNA和调节性nc RNA两类,按大小可以分为小nc RNA（〈50 nt）、中等长度nc RNA（50~200 nt）和长nc RNA（〉200 nt）三类。不同长度的nc RNA与靶分子的作用方式有各自特点,从而也决定了各自具有相对独特的生物学作用。以哺乳动物细胞中常见的不同长度非编码RNA为例,对各类长度nc RNA识别靶分子的方式及生物学作用特点做一综述,以期为全面认识nc RNA的结构及生物学功能多样性提供帮助。

关键词： 动物生物学   课程实习   教学改革  

摘要： 动物生物学课程野外实习是生物学专业课程实践教学的核心内容。针对目前部分高校动物生物学野外实习教学中存在的问题进行分析,并提出教学改革的应对措施及建议,主要着力于实习基地、实习指导书、实习与科研结合等方面。旨在为提高高校动物生物学课程野外实习教学改革提供参考和帮助。

关键词： 小鼠   微生物学   质量管理  

摘要： 实验动物的质量直接影响科研实验结果,日常管理和定期检测相结合才能使实验动物的质量得到根本控制。本文以实验动物小鼠为对象,分别从日常饲养管理、环境管理、微生物质量定期监控等途径,探讨了小鼠微生物学质量控制的过程管理方法,为在生产实践中控制实验动物的微生物质量提供基本思路。