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关键词： 动物微生物学   课程建设   教学改革   能力培养  

摘要： 动物微生物学课程在动物科学专业教学中发挥着积极作用。随着高校教育制度改革的推进,动物微生物学课程体系的改革也势在必行。本文通过改变传统教学模式,激发学生学习激情;丰富授课内容,增加课堂趣味性;理论应用于实践,加强实验教学等三个方面的实践和探索,提高了动物微生物学教学质量,以调动学生的学习积极性和主动性,全面培养学生的综合素质和创新能力,适合时代发展的需要。

关键词： 水生生物学实验   原生动物实验   实验改革  

摘要： 因标本种类少难以纯化,且多数种类固定后已无教科书中的鉴别特征,原生动物学实验一直是水生生物学实验中最薄弱的环节,为此我们进行了该实验内容的改革,增加了样品采集、活体观察和不同水质的群落比较等实验内容,将验证型实验转变为综合型,极大提高了学生动手能力和实验兴趣,取得了良好的教学效果。

摘要： Recently, detection dogs have been utilized to collect fecal samples from cryptic and rare mammals. Despite the great promise of this technique for conservation biology, its broader application has been limited by the high cost (tens to hundreds of thousands of dollars) and logistical challenges of employing a scat-detection dog team while conducting international, collaborative research. Through an international collaboration of primatologists and the Chinese Ministry of Public Security, we trained and used a detection dog to find scat from three species of unhabituated, free-ranging primates, for less than $3,000. We collected 137 non-human primate fecal samples that we confirmed by sequencing taxonomically informative genetic markers. Our detection dog team had a 92% accuracy rate, significantly outperforming our human-only team. Our results demonstrate that detection dogs can locate fecal samples from unhabituated primates with variable diets, locomotion, and grouping patterns, despite challenging field conditions. We provide a model for in-country training, while also building local capacity for conservation and genetic monitoring. Unlike previous efforts, our approach will allow for the wide adoption of scat-detection dogs in international conservation biology.

关键词： 模型   直肠癌   转移性淋巴结  

摘要： 背景与目的:直肠癌淋巴结转移模型是研究肿瘤发生、发展、转移及抗肿瘤治疗的工具,但较大型动物模型鲜见报道。该研究旨在建立可行性强、重复率高的VX2移植性兔直肠癌淋巴结转移模型。方法:采用原位移植方法,将切好的小瘤块置入穿刺针内,并使用穿刺针将小瘤块推入到新西兰大白兔的直肠壁内。共制作模型20只。每周使用MR扫描2只实验兔,MR上观察肿瘤生长情况及肠周淋巴结个数,使用MR后处理软件测量实验兔的直肠壁肿瘤体积,扫描完成后进行详细解剖,切除直肠壁上肿瘤及肠周淋巴结,进行标本固定及HE染色,并探讨肿瘤体积与生长时间及转移淋巴结个数的关系。结果:成功制作模型13只,成功率为65%。于第4周开始在MR上可观察到局限于直肠壁肿块。随着时间增长,肿瘤体积不断增大,且不同时期(生长周数)肿瘤体积差异有统计学意义(F=52.865,P<0.05);进一步分析得出,肿瘤的平均体积与生长周数呈正线性相关(r=0.910),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。当肿瘤体积大于9 cm3时,实验兔开始出现转移性淋巴结,第9周开始转移淋巴结个数明显增多。统计分析得出肿瘤体积越大,转移性淋巴结个数就越多(F=92.531,P<0.05),且两者呈线性相关(r=0.945),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:本实验将组织学完整的VX2移植瘤组织块原位种植到新西兰大白兔直肠内,成功建立了VX2移植性兔直肠癌的淋巴结转移模型。本模型对于研究直肠癌的局部生长、浸润机制、淋巴结转移灶及生物学特性均有一定价值。

关键词： Stem Cells   phylum   Regeneration   molecular biology   Annelida   Phyla  

摘要： Studies of annelid regeneration have greatly increased in frequency in recent years, providing new insights into the developmental basis and evolution of regeneration. In this review, we summarize recent findings related to regeneration in annelids, focusing on molecular and developmental studies of epimorphic (blastema-based) regeneration, morphallactic (tissue-remodeling based) regeneration, and development and regeneration of putative stem cells of the posterior growth zone and germline. Regeneration is being investigated in a broad range of annelids spanning the phylum, and comparing findings among species reveals both widely conserved features that may be ancestral for the phylum as well as features that are variable across the group.

关键词： mammalian synthetic biology   artificial chromosome   chromosome engineering  

摘要： The enabling technologies of synthetic biology are opening up new opportunities for engineering and enhancement of mammalian cells. This will stimulate diverse applications in many life science sectors such as regenerative medicine, development of biosensing cell lines, therapeutic protein production, and generation of new synthetic genetic regulatory circuits. Harnessing the full potential of these new engineering-based approaches requires the design and assembly of large DNA constructs potentially up to chromosome scale and the effective delivery of these large DNA payloads to the host cell. Random integration of large transgenes, encoding therapeutic proteins or genetic circuits into host chromosomes, has several drawbacks such as risks of insertional mutagenesis, lack of control over transgene copy-number and position-specific effects;these can compromise the intended functioning of genetic circuits. The development of a system orthogonal to the endogenous genome is therefore beneficial. Mammalian artificial chromosomes (MACs) are functional, add-on chromosomal elements, which behave as normal chromosomes being replicating and portioned to daughter cells at each cell division. They are deployed as useful gene expression vectors as they remain independent from the host genome. MACs are maintained as a single-copy and can accommodate multiple gene expression cassettes of, in theory, unlimited DNA size (MACs up to 10 megabases have been constructed). MACs therefore enabled control over ectopic gene expression and represent an excellent platform to rapidly prototype and characterize novel synthetic gene circuits without recourse to engineering the host genome. This review describes the obstacles synthetic biologists face when working with mammalian systems and how the development of improved MACs can overcome these particularly given the spectacular advances in DNA synthesis and assembly that are fuelling this research area.

关键词： Bandicoot rat   Cat   Monkey   Pleomorphic forms   Surra   Trypanosoma evansi   Zoonosis  

摘要： Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) evansi is a causative agent of the dreadful mammalian disease trypanosomiasis or ‘Surra’ and carried as a latent parasite in domestic cattle but occasionally proves fatal when transmitted to horses and camel. Sporadic outbreak of ‘Surra’ to different animals (beside their natural hosts) reminds that T. evansi may be zoonotic, as their close relative cause sleeping sickness to human being. This haemoflagellate is mechanically transmitted by horse fly and its effect on different host varies depending on certain factors including the effectiveness of transmission by mechanical vector, the suitability and susceptibility of the host as well as most importantly the ability of the disease establishment of parasite to adapt itself to the host’s resistance, etc. The course of the disease caused by T. evansi is similar to that of human sleeping sickness caused by T. (T.) brucei gambiense. The target organs and symptoms show close similarity. T. evansi can successfully be transmitted among unnatural hosts i.e., other classes of vertebrates, like chicken. In transmission experiments, the unnatural hosts may sometimes induce profound changes in the biology of trypanosomes. Hence, in present study the observations are the biology of different morphological changes of T. evansi as well as its ability of disease formation within some heterologous mammal viz., albino rat, guineapig, bandicoot, mongoose, domestic cat and common monkey. Blood smears of infected albino rats, bandicoot, and mongoose revealed only monomorphic form. Interestingly, blood smears of infected cat and monkey, T. evansi shows slender trypomastigote form and short intermediate form whereas organ smears shows other two forms of haemoflagellate viz., sphaeromastigote and amastigote form. The haemoflagellate maintains a common reproductive cycle in all the experimental heterologous hosts whereas disease symptoms differ. T. evansi infected cat and monkey shows nervous symptoms. Infected mon

关键词： 课程考核   过程性考核   动物生物学  

摘要： 课程考核是检验教学效果和提高教学质量的重要环节,本文针对传统课程考核存在的问题,以《动物生物学》为例设计了过程性考核模式,加强对学生学习的形成性评价,并对过程性考核的效果和存在问题做了初步分析。该模式调动了学生学习的主动性,提高了教学质量。

关键词： STRATIGRAPHIC geology   PALEONTOLOGY   PALEOECOLOGY   FOSSIL mammals   FOSSIL invertebrates   WASATCH Formation   FOSSIL Butte National Monument (Wyo.)  

摘要： Fieldwork conducted in the Wasatch Formation in and around Fossil Butte has yielded a diverse assemblage of early Eocene vertebrates. Fossil vertebrates are distributed through three discrete stratigraphic intervals within the uppermost 180 m of the main body of the Wasatch Formation underlying the Green River Formation. These assemblages were derived primarily from fluvial overbank mudstone units overprinted with variably well-developed paleosols. The lowest (20 m) and highest (60 m) sections are characterized by less mature and more hydromorphic paleosols, whereas the middle section (100 m) is typified by more mature paleosols and more abundant channel sandstones. The combined assemblages contain at least 46 species of mammals. Faunal characteristics include high abundances of equid perissodactyls and a relatively high abundance and diversity of notharctines primates, an apparent absence of omomyid primates, relatively high rodent diversity, and relatively diverse and abundant artiodactyls. One new genus (Eoictops new genus) and three new species (Eoictops novaceki new species, Palaeosinopa lacus new species, and ?Notoparamys blochi new species) are included in the Fossil Butte assemblage. Also recorded are late occurrences of two hyopsodontid condylarths and an early occurrence of a rare phenacodontid condylarth. The relatively high abundances of equids and notharctines suggest that vertebrate samples were derived from relatively open paleohabitats that included forested areas along water courses. All three assemblages contain characteristic Lysitean (Wasatchian biochron Wa-6) elements, but the occurrence of the palaeotheriid perissodactyl Lambdotherium in the uppermost horizon indicates a Lostcabinian (Wa-7) age for at least the top of the Wasatch Formation. The overlying predominantly fish-bearing Fossil Butte Member of the Green River Formation also contains Lambdotherium and is therefore Wa-7 in age as well.